The Structure Of Brain And Other Tissues Of Human Body Essay

1. Introduction: Neuroinflammation is inflammation responses in the nervous system. Neuroinflammation is a hallmark of all major CNS diseases. (Farooqui, 2007) In human body, inflammation in the nervous system, especially the central nervous system (CNS), can course severe diseases, for example chronic neurodegenerative conditions, multiple sclerosis, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, Parkinson’s disease, Alzheimer’s disease, and even depression(Lucas et al.,2014). The structure of brain has its own features, which course the differences between inflammation in brain and other tissues of human body. The brain has several protective mechanisms. First, its own protective shield, the blood brain barrier (BBB), and second its lack of a conventional lymphatic drainage system. Third, it has its own immunoregulatory cells that include endothelial cells, microglia, astrocytes, and oligodendrocytes. These cells serve to protect and nourish the brain and to maintain its homeostasis. (Gendelman, 20 02(18)). Take Alzheimer’s disease as an example, there is an association between chronic CNS inflammation and AD pathogenesis. Neuropathological studies show that a neuroinflammatory response in the cerebral neocortex parallels the early stages of AD pathology and precedes the late stage, tau-related pathology. Epidemiological and genetic studies indicate that systemic markers of the innate immunity are risk factors for late-onset AD. (Eikelenboom,2010(17)). Experimental findingsShow MoreRelatedBio 201 Lab 91515 Words   |  7 Pagesabout some of these concepts on unit assignments. Step 1: Nervous Slides Assignment 1: 1. What are the sensory components of this structure? What are the motor components of this structure? 2. What does â€Å"Nb† represent and what is the function of this structure? 3. What is the function of this tissue? Name one disease that affects this tissue. 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Abstract Expressionism And Dada - 873 Words

Art is a reflection of society and the First and Second World Wars, two major international conflicts that dominated the world affairs and culture of the times, are reflected in the art of their respective time periods. Dada was the primary art movement in response to World War One, while Abstract Expressionism was in response to World War Two. Dada was an art movement launched in protest to the political, social, and cultural norms that were thought to have caused the war by its disillusioned creators. Dubbed the â€Å"anti-art movement†, Dada works were irrational and outrageous. More emphasis was placed on the politically charged messages inherent in Dada works than the aesthetics. Abstract Expressionism is viewed as the first purely†¦show more content†¦In a world full of propaganda, one was expected to support the state. One could not voice their opinions to the contrary, at least not publicly. The dull, lifeless, expressionless head emphasizes this. The Meaning of the Hitler Salute serves as a critique of the hypocrisy of Hitler secretly receiving political donations from corporations while preaching about populism and how the German working class was unfairly treated. Photomontage, a common medium in Dada, is utilized in this work. The scale is very important in this work as big business is presented as looming over Hitler. The Nazi party’s hand gesture was seen as powerful and the fact that it is turned into a hand accepting money is mocking this. Other Dada works, such as Marcel Duchamp’s Fountain and L.H.O.O.Q., are not nearly as politically charged in their content but the context behind the Dada movement remains the same. Regardless of the subject matter, Dada’s purpose was to reflect the absurdity of the war. While on the surface Jackson Pollock’s gestural paintings, such as Number 1, 1948 and Shimmering Substance, might not seem to reflect the time period they very much do. The colorful, abstract, and highly emotional Abstract Expressionist movement was a reflection of the anxious and depressing mindset of the era. Even when the war ended in 1945 there was still a lot of emotions such as uncertainty and downright disgust about the events that had just transpired. AbstractShow MoreRelatedThe Influence of Dadaism on Surrealism and Abstract Expressionism1175 Words   |  5 Pagesï » ¿TOPIC: IMAGINATION VALUES ORDER ID: A2098372 The Influence of Dadaism on Surrealism and Abstract Expressionism When the groundbreaking philosophers of psychology, Sigmund Freud and Karl Jung, presented the world with their ideas about the subconscious, they prompted a surge of human introspection. The idea of an unexplored, and perhaps unknown self, lurking beneath the social faÃÆ' §ade intrigued and tortured many artists who began to shift their focus from the outer world to more personal strugglesRead MoreExpressionism : An International Artistic And Literary Movement1176 Words   |  5 PagesTo understand Surrealism, we must first look at Dadaism, the art movement from which Surrealism stems. Dadaism was an international artistic and literary movement which began in 1916 and lasted until the mid 1920s. Artists involved in the Dada movement were experimental and controversial. They constantly pushed and broke the boundaries of what art is defined as and what art-making could be. 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German painters Franz Marc, August Macke, Gabriele Mà ¼nter and others developed their own version of fauvism and called it expressionism. Italian artists, refusing everything with old roots and insp ired by the rapid development of technology, appearance of first cars and airplanes, developed in their turn the art movement under the name â€Å"futurism†. Finally, surrealism, exploringRead MoreCompare and Contrast of Surrealism and Expressionism1972 Words   |  8 PagesComparison/ Contrast of Surrealism and Expressionism By Fidencio Davalos, ART 110: Art Appreciation Surrealism Surrealism is a period in art history when artists created dreamlike paintings filled with mysterious objects or familiar objects that have been oddly changed in ways that one would not see in reality (Kleiner, F., 2000). It is a style of art, where objects are realistically painted. The art looks real with light shadows, and details, but the way they are arranged or theRead MoreArt Movement After World War I1174 Words   |  5 Pageschief theorist. He introduced and defined the new style in his initial 1924 manifesto (Manifeste du Surrealisme) and later in his painting bulletin (Surrealisme et la Peinture). Breton deplored the radical and destructive character of Dada, nevertheless he built on many Dada ideas to create a movement with a coherent though unbending philosophy. He aimed at nothing less than a total conversion of the way people thought. Surrealism was less overtly political and advocated a more positive philosophy. TheRead MoreExperimental Cinem The Experimental Film Movement1453 Words   |  6 Pagesof filmmaking was entertaining for most people, some filmmakers wanted to break this tradition and expand filmmaking into a completely different way. Instead of making the same old narrative films, like classical Hollywood, they want to make more abstract and complex films, they wanted to make films as more of an art-form. Instead of relying on actors and writes to tell a narrative story, these filmmakers wanted to change things up and make films that went against the norms of the Hollywood cinemaRead MorePop Art vs. Abstract Expressionism1854 Words   |  8 PagesPop Art vs. Abstract Expressionism †¢ Characteristics of Abstract Expressionist Paintings-optical buzz, all-over composition, Matisse sometimes painted images on large canvases, as did Picasso but paintings still retained an object like character- the viewer needed to stand back to see the complete composition. Abstract expressionist paintings, on the other hand, draw the spectator into them. The field of vision is thus larger than the field of vision of the spectator, who finds himself in a worldRead MoreDada Art1293 Words   |  6 PagesDADA â€Å"Before Dada art was in form, after Dada art is an attitude† Dada was a radical art movement started in 1914 and ended in the mid 1920’s mainly in the North Atlantic. It was created as a form of protest against World War 1 by immigrants who wanted to express a new kind of mentality in the world of art and politics at the time. Dada was the reaction and rejection of traditional society and the atrocities of World War 1 by artist of that era. It reflected their desire to oppose conventionRead MoreComparing Dada to Pop Art Essays1420 Words   |  6 Pagesï » ¿Comparing Dada to Pop Art In this essay I will compare the Dada and Pop Art movements by depicting the characteristics of each art period, their style and social conditions that may have influenced the creation of each movement. The essay will describe the relationship between the Dada and Pop Art movements. The essay will show their similarities, differences, and the reason why Pop Art did not continue with the Dada tradition although Pop Art also utilized everyday objects as subjects to

Financial Foundation for Managers Café+ coffee shop

Question: Describe about Assumptions, Budget and Expected Profit and loss statement for the Cafe+? Answer: 1. Introduction Caf+ will be located charlotte street, Brisbane, Queensland. Coffee shop business is one of the bumming industries in Australia because of the rise in the demand of the quality coffee and gourmet at value price. The caf will be owned by the sole proprietor with several year of experience. The caf + will be open for business from Sunday to Saturday 7-10pm (Augenti, 2010). The caf+ will b serving the various types of coffee, teas along with the pastry, muffins, breads, cookies and rolls. The entire bakery stuff will be supplied daily by the local farmers. Caf+ will have exposure from food to beverages especially in the current locations. Although there are number of Caf house for the present in the Brisbane but lack of quality of coffee and price are some of the major opportunity which helps the business caf+ to grow in the Queensland market (Baligh, 2007). 2. Assumptions Mission To satisfy the customer needs for high quality coffee along with delicious and nutritious meals Excellent service with high degree of unique and fresh products served Comfortable and relaxing environment for relaxing and enjoying the latte and pastries in town. Caf+ will be looking to earn the profit to increase the employee satisfaction while providing stable return. Employees of the Caf+ will be treated fairly with salary and the other major facilities. People of all ages and backgrounds will be welcomed and enjoy the cuppa with family and friends. Objectives To become one of the bets coffee shop in the Brisbane in compare to its competitors. Turn the profit from first month of the operations Achieve the high market share within the 1st Increase the number of the customers by 32% every year Undertaking more aggressive marketing and promotions Improving the cost control by reducing the operational wastage (Barringer, 2010). Maintaining the same price level by creating the unique, upscale, innovative environment that will differentiate from the local coffee houses. The environment will have affordable access to the resources of the internet and other facilities within the caf +. Maintain 45% gross profit every month (Barney, 2009). Key success factors Design of the store will be both visually attractive and designed for the quick operations in order create high brand value. Training given to the employee to ensure the best coffee preparations techniques Marketing strategies aim to build solid base of loyal customers as well as maximizing the sales Varieties of coffee to tea to soft drinks along with free Wi-Fi that is not available with existing competitors (Barrow, 2011). Creation of unique and innovative form of atmosphere which will differentiate Caf+ with others Establish the Caf+ club for socializations and entrainment. Varieties within the gourmet like muffins, Choc lava, to fruit cake and smoothies which will create niche market for the caf+ among the competitors (Clarke, 2010). Assumption The Brisbane market for the coffee shop is been one of the major strength for the business. Most of the population in Brisbane has been habituated to do their breakfast at the coffee shop. The caf+ will be selling the cup of the coffee at value pricing as per the customer orders (Drummond et al. 2012). The caf+ will be selling espresso drinks , brewed coffee and teas as well as some of the major refreshments beverages along with varieties of the gourmet which is not been sold by the other members. The total capital invested for the caf + will be 209,810 that will be break down cost for the monthly expense of 187,300 out of which 22,510 was paid in the advance. One of the major marketing objectives is to maintain the sales of 536,650 for the 1st year and achieve the more than 35% of Brisbane market shares within the 12 months are some of the major marketing objectives for the company. The product will less costly and will be convenient place for the customer to eat healthy and live healthy (Jackson et al. 2008). Some of the other products which are sold by the Caf+ are Green tea, Tulsi tea and cardamom tea along with organic form of gourmet which will be increasing the market share of the company in the current business market. Value propositions Features Benefits Unique Environment of caf + Comfortable and relax along facilities of Wi-Fi Yes Quality of coffee and tea Refreshing and fresh Nm Variety of coffee tea, gourmet and meals Lots of options of the customers No Fresh and organic meals Health and well being Yes Chef High quality meals and espresso and tea Yes Desserts and cakes Complimentary with coffee and meals No 3. Budget ANNUAL SALES FORECAST for Caf+ Sales Forecast AUD $ 2015 AUD $ 2016 AUD $ 2017 Products Coffee beverages 350,400 385,440 423984 Tea and other beverages 87,600 96360 105,966 Gourmet etc 146,000 160,600 176,660 total sales 584,000 642,400 706,610 Direct cost of sales Coffee beverages 87,600 96360 105,996 Tea and other beverages 43,800 48,180 52,998 Pastries 73,000 80,300 88,330 subtotal direct cost 204,400 224,840 247,324 Fixed cost Fixed Cost for Caf + Equipment Amount ($AUD) Espresso Machine 6000 Coffee Maker 900 Coffee Grinder 200 Food service equipment 18000 Storage 3720 Counter Area Equipment 9500 serving Area Equipment 3000 Bookkeeping register 13,750 Office equipment 3600 Miscellaneous Expenses 500 Total usage of the equipment for 300 days (Excluding national holidays) Personnel plan Employees AUD $ 2015 AUD $ 2016 AUD $ 2017 Managers 35000 37800 40824 Employee (3 waiters, 2 dishwashers, 2 security guard 1 book keeper accountants 50,000 (6000*4=24000) (2500*2= 5000) (3000*2=6000) 5000 10,000 54000 58320 Chef 39600 52000 56000 Total people 10 11 13 Total payroll 124,600 143,800 155,144 Note : Working on the 3000 days as per the flexible working timings from (7am to 9pm ) every days ( except on national holidays) Although the managers and owns are experience in the chosen industry but some of the major employee are required which will help to garb the opportunity to manage the caf+ (Kaufman, 2010). Most of the personnel plans are very much required to control and develop the business objectives to achieve. With the help of flexible work timings and changing shift will help the business to manage and control the business (Rhyne, 2009). Market segment Segmentation bases Target customers segment of Fast food industry Geographic Region Queens land, Brisbane Density Rural and Urban (1.23 million) Age All age category Gender Male, females and others Income High ,Low and middle income groups Occupation Employees and professionals Demographic Social status Working class, middle class and higher class Family size Single, nuclear, joint family Psychographic Lifestyle Traditional and moderns Occasions Regular and other Festive seasons Behavioural Benefits Price advantages and diversify products under one roof. Occasions Parties, Birthdays, anniversary and festive season along with normal days Sources of funds From the above, it has been found that, both the partners will be investing 50,0000 each in order to on the business . The rest of $345000 is been arranged by the debt financing. Debt financing is one of the prominent ways of financing the business (Farrell, 2007). However, with large interest rates make it more riskier and dangerous. Apart from that, next options will be equity financing which has been which will not be easily available for the business because of new entrepreneur. It is less risky than the debt but company has to share with profit with the general share holders (Germain et al. 2008). 4. Expected Profit and loss statement for the Caf+ Assumptions Particulars 2015 2016 2017 Current interest rates 10% 10% 10% Long term interest rates 10% 10% 10% Tax rates 25.43% 25% 25.50% Project profit and loss statements Income statement for the Caf+ for the year 2015-17 Particulars AUD $ 2015 AUD $ 2016 AUD $ 2017 Sales 584,000 642,400 706,640 Direct cost (Raw materials and equipments) 204,400 224,840 247,324 Gross profit 379600 417,560 459,316 Expenditure Salary 124600 143,800 155,144 Sales and marketing expenditure 25,800 27,600 31,000 Depreciations 5400 5500 5500 Rent 48400 52800 52800 Lease rent 6000 6000 6000 Maintenance 5840 6424 7066 Phone and register 9000 9500 10000 Total operating expenses 243,730 273,194 290782 PBIT 135,870 273,194 290,782 EBDITA 141,270 1443660 168,534 Interest expense 2821 2326 1618 Tax incurred 33740 35,510 42,424 Net profit 99,308 106530 124,491 Net sales 17% 16.58% 17.62% Sales forecast for the year 2015 Sales month 1 month 2 month 3 month 4 month 5 month 6 month 7 month 8 month 9 month 10 month 11 month 12 Sales Coffee beverages 24000 27000 28800 28800 28800 28800 28800 28800 29400 31200 33000 33000 Tea and other beverages 6000 6750 7200 7200 7200 7200 7200 7200 7350 7800 8250 8250 Gourmet etc 10000 11250 12000 12000 12000 12000 12000 12000 12250 13000 13750 13750 total sales 40000 45000 48000 48000 48000 48000 48000 48000 49000 52000 55000 55000 direct cost Coffee bevergaes 6000 6750 7200 7200 7200 7200 7200 7200 7350 7800 8250 8250 Tea and other beverages 3000 3375 3600 3600 3600 3600 3600 3600 3675 3900 4125 4125 Pastries 5000 5625 6000 6000 6000 6000 6000 6000 6125 6500 6875 6875 subtotal direct cost 14000 15750 16800 16800 16800 16800 16800 16800 17150 18200 19250 19250 Profit and loss statements for the Caf+ Profit and Loss Statement for the year 2015 month 1 month 2 month 3 month 4 month 5 month 6 month 7 month 8 month 9 month 10 month 11 month 12 Sales 40000 45000 48000 48000 48000 48000 48000 48000 49000 52000 55000 55000 Direct cost 14000 15750 16800 16800 16800 16800 16800 16800 17150 18200 19250 19250 Gross profit 26000 29250 31200 31200 31200 31200 31200 31200 31850 33800 35750 35750 Expenditure Salary 10383 10383 10383 10383 10383 10383 10383 10383 10383 10383 10383 10383 Sales and marketing expenditure 2150 2150 2150 2150 2150 2150 2150 2150 2150 2150 2150 2150 Depreciations 450 450 450 450 450 450 450 450 450 450 450 450 Rent 0 4400 4400 4400 4400 4400 4400 4400 4400 4400 4400 4400 Lease rent 500 500 500 500 500 500 500 500 500 500 500 500 Maintenance 400 450 480 480 480 480 480 480 490 520 550 550 Pay roll taxes 1558 1558 1558 1558 1558 1558 1558 1558 1558 1558 1558 1558 Phone and register and WIFI 750 750 750 750 750 750 750 750 750 750 750 750 Total operating expenses 16191 20641 20671 20671 20671 20671 20671 20671 20681 20711 20741 20741 PBIT 9809 8609 10529 10529 10529 10529 10529 10529 11169 13089 15009 15009 EBDITA 10259 9059 10979 10979 10979 10979 10979 10979 11169 13089 15009 15009 Interest expense 248 245 243 241 239 236 234 232 232 229 227 225 Tax incurred 2868 2091 2572 2572 2573 2574 2574 2735 3216 3696 3696 3696 Net profit 6693 6273 7715 7716 7718 7720 7721 7723 8205 9647 11088 11090 Expected cash flow Cash Flow for the year 2015 , Caf+ Particulars month 1 month 2 month 3 month 4 month 5 month 6 month 7 month 8 month 9 month 10 month 11 month 12 cash sales 40000 45000 48000 48000 48000 48000 48000 48000 49000 52000 55000 55000 Sales tax 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 long term liabilities 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 total 40000 45000 48000 48000 48000 48000 48000 48000 49000 52000 55000 55000 Cash spending 10383 10383 10383 10383 10383 10383 10383 10383 10383 10383 10383 10383 Bill payments 728 22112 30569 29450 29449 29447 29447 29445 29474 30424 32727 34199 total Spent on operations 11,112 32,496 40228 40952 39834 39832 39830 39829 39857 40808 43110 4458 Repayment of loan 275 275 275 275 275 275 275 275 275 275 275 275 total cash spent 11387 32771 40503 41227 40109 40107 40105 40104 40132 41083 43385 44853 net cash flow 28613 12229 7497 6773 7891 7893 7895 7896 8868 10917 11615 10417 cash balance 95736 107966 115462 122235 130127 138020 145914 153811 162679 173596 185211 195,358 Expected Balance Sheet for Caf+ for 2015 Balance Sheet for Caf + for the Year 2015 Particulars month 1 month 2 month 3 month 4 month 5 month 6 month 7 month 8 month 9 month 10 month 11 month 12 Asset Current Asset cash 95736 107966 15,462 122,235 130,127 138,020 145,914 153,811 162,679 173,596 185,211 195,358 Inventory 15400 17325 18480 18480 18480 18480 18480 18480 18865 20020 21175 21175 total current asset 83150 111136 125291 133942 140,715 148607 156500 164,394 172291 181544 193616 206386 long term asset 59170 59170 59170 59170 59170 59170 59170 59170 59170 59170 59170 59170 depreciation 450 900 1350 1800 2,250 2700 3150 3,600 4050 4500 4950 5400 total long term asset 58720 58270 27820 57370 56920 56470 56020 55570 55120 54670 54220 53770 total asset 169856 183561 191762 198085 205,527 212970 220414 227,861 236664 248,286 260606 270,303 liabilities current Liabilities accounts payables 21118 28825 29587 28469 28465 28464 28462 29335 31586 33092 31974 31974 current borrowing 9725 9450 9175 8900 8625 8350 8075 7800 7525 7250 6975 6700 total current liabilities 30843 38275 38762 37369 37092 36815 36539 36262 36800 38836 40067 38674 long term liabilities 20,000 20,000 20,000 20,000 20,000 20,000 20,000 20,000 20,000 20,000 20,000 20,000 paid up capital 140000 140000 140000 140000 140000 140000 140000 140000 140000 140000 140000 140000 earning from selling of ownership -27680 -27680 -27680 -27680 -27680 -27680 -27680 -27680 -27680 -27680 -27680 -27680 Total capital 119013 125286 133000 140717 148435 156154 163876 171599 179804 189450 200538 211628 total liabilities 169856 183561 191762 198085 205527 212970 220414 227861 236664 248286 260606 270303 net worth 119013 125286 133000 140717 148435 156154 163876 171599 179804 189450 200538 211628 Ratios Ratios Profitability ratios month 1 month 2 month 3 month 4 month 5 month 6 month 7 month 8 month 9 month 10 month 11 month 12 Current ratios 2.70 2.90 3.23 3.58 3.79 4.04 4.3 4.53 4.68 4.67 4.83 5.34 Current asset/current Liabilities Gross profit margin ratio 0.65 0.65 0.65 0.65 0.65 0.65 0.65 0.65 0.65 0.65 0.65 0.65 (gross profit*100)/sales ROA ratio 0.060 0.049 0.057 0.055 0.053 0.052 0.050 0.048 0.047 0.053 0.058 0.056 (EBIT*100)/total asset ROCE 5.51 4.80 4.95 5.30 5.54 5.78 6.03 6.28 6.43 6.39 6.50 6.99 Total asset/current liabilities Expense ratio 0.98 0.9 0.94 0.94 0.94 0.94 0.94 0.94 0.95 0.98 0.98 0.98 (expenditure/revenue) From the above financial feasibility, it has been found that, current ratio for the business is been adequate enough to handle the their operation which is to manage the employee pay roll and the manage the short term purchasing for the company which coffee beans, gourmet raw materials and the various napkins and the utensils for the business (Germain et al. 2008). The Current Ratio and the Quick Ratio (Acid Test) are both very high reflecting the fact that the business has a very strong and positive cash flow. This is due to sales being predominantly cash, whilst purchases are bought on largely on 30 day terms. Liquidity is sound. The current ratio of the company is there has been numerous occasion where the companies are looking to spend on the advertisement which will help the company to gather the large customer base of the Brisbane Australia (Glynett, 2012). After the ROCE of the company is for the first is more than 5 which shows that company has invested in the right areas for the owners of the company. The ROCE depicts the return on capital employed which has been one of the most important parts of the business ratios to understand whether or not company is bale to invest in the right areas (Morris et al. 2011). Apart from that, ROA of the company for the 2015 is very much depicts that company is able to manage and control asset as per the company development. ROA is been one of the major areas for the business which will give an insight for the valuation of asset. Expenditure ratio of the company is very much able to higher which shows that company is able to manage and control the revenue for the company. Besides that, gross profit margin of the company is higher than the expectation which is 0.65 (Godsmark et al. 2009). The ratio for the caf+ shows that company has enough cash and asst to manage its expenditure in the long run for the company. Conclusion From the above, it has been found that, the study, the research project highlights the relationship existent between the business plan and resources. The entire discussion on the selected topic centers round the aspect of understanding of the business and the financial feasibility which will helps to give an insight for whether the company is able to create the profitability with current business trend or not . As observed from the primary research, impact of financial feasibility is no doubt shows the positive aspect for the current business process. The study of the chapter described the response of expected financial plan which helps to gather the information to explain whether t or not the business is profitable . With help of cash flow , it has been found that company has enough cash to maintain the operation of the company. Apart from that, with help of income statement, it shows company ahs to investment 500, 00 of investment which will give the company enough scope to manage and control the expenditure and income. Lastly, balance of the caf+ very much help to understand whether the company is has asst like land and building and the equipment which the company ahs top purchase for the sake of the running the business. With the help of ratio analysis , it has been found that company ROCE is higher rather than what is was expected , therefore the business is very much financially feasible. Lastly, with the help of budgeted financial statements like profit and loss statement and the balance sheet would help to analyses the potential net return on investment of the ownership along with total expenditure. Reference list Books Augenti, L. (2010) How to Start a Home-Based Personal Trainer Business, 4th ed. London: Palgrave Macmillan. Baligh, H. H. (2007) Organization Structures: Theory and Design, Analysis and Prescription, 5th ed. Heidelberg, New York: Springer Verlag. Barney, J. B. (2009) 'Strategic factor markets: Expectations, luck, and business strategy, Management Science 32(1), pp. 1231-1241 Barringer, B. (2010) Managing Your New Business' Finances, 4th ed. New Jersey: Person Education Barrow, C. (2011) Practical Financial Management: A Guide to Business planning and budgeting, 8th ed. London: Kogan Page Limited Clarke, G. (2010) Business Start Up and Future Planning, Bringhton: Emerald Publishing Drummond, G., Ensor, J. and Ashford, R. (2012) Strategic Marketing: Planning and Control, 4th ed. London: Palgrave Macmillan. Jackson, S. R., Sawyers, R. B. And Jenkins, G. (2008) Managerial Accounting: A Focus on Ethical Decision Making, 5th ed. London: Chapman and Hall. Kaufman, R., (2010). Strategic planning for success, 5th ed. London: Routledge. Journals Farrell, M.A. (2007) The effect of a market-oriented organisational culture on sales-force behaviour and attitudes. Journal of Strategic Marketing, 13(4), 261 273 Germain, R., Claycomb, C. and Droge, C. (2008) Supply chain variability, organizational structure and performance: the moderating effect of demand unpredictability. Journal of operations management, 26, 557-570 Glynett, D. (2012) How to Start a Gym Business, 5th ed. London: Prentice Hall. Godsmark, E., Arduser, L. and Brown, D. R. (2009) How to Open a Financially Successful Coffee, Espresso Tea Shop - Page 17, 4th ed. Germany: Grin Verlag. Goksoy, A., and Ozsoy, B., (2007). Business Process Reengineering: Strategic Tool for Managing Organizational Change an Application in a Multinational Company. International Journal of Business and Management, 22: 256-264. Morris, M., Schindehutte, M. and Allen, J. (2011) The entrepreneurs business model: Toward a unified perspective. Journal of Business Research, 58: 726-735. Rhyne, L. C. (2009) The relationship of strategic planning to financial performance, Strategic Management Journal, 4, 319-337

Sythesis OrwellHughesMilgrim Essay Research Paper DecisionsMany people free essay sample

Sythesis, Orwell, Hughes, Milgrim Essay, Research Paper Decisions Many people find it hard, if non impossible, to withstand the mute tradition of modern authorization. Stanley Milgrim s Perils of noncompliance shows that an otherwise sensitive, good-natured citizen can easy be transformed into a tool, and execute actions that one would neer make if given adequate clip to reflect. Milgrim s survey suggests that an single s demand to conform to authority overrides the sense of duty to screen right from incorrect. Langston Hughes, in Salvation, explains merely how terrible the personal effects can be for giving in to such force per unit areas, and George Orwell in Shooting an Elephant, demonstrates how even persons in places of authorization are non exempt from the regulation. George Orwell demonstrates that no affair what your beliefs, or place in society, no person is absent signifier the huge force per unit area to conform. We will write a custom essay sample on Sythesis OrwellHughesMilgrim Essay Research Paper DecisionsMany people or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Orwell, a British constabulary officer in Burma, allows an dying crowd of locals to make up ones mind his actions for him, doing him to take a life that should non hold been taken. Upon look intoing studies of a rampaging elephant, Orwell finds that the elephant has now calmed down, and is a menace to no 1. Orwell provinces, But I did non desire to hit the elephant. It seemed to me that it would be slaying to hit him ( 772 ) . Although the elephant did tread a adult male to decease, Orwell knows that the elephant is in a unagitated province, and will stay softly until the elephants proprietor returns. It is the force per unit area from the crowd that causes this British military officer to do a hapless pick that he would non hold made if entirely. Minutess subsequently, Orwell would happen himself firing slug after slug seeking to kill the really carnal that he had merely contemplated. Milgrim provinces, ordinary people, merely making their occupations can go destructive agents in a awful destructive procedure ( 614 ) . It is this greater immorality that causes Orwell to be disgusted with himself. Orwell resents imperialism, but merely reinforces to himself and the indigens the destructive nature of it. Langston Hughes plaints T he determination he made in Salvation. In this piece, Hughes is at a church resurgence in which he is expected to happen Jesus. Hughes is mislead to believe that he will really see and experience Jesus. This outlook is what keeps Hughes at the communion table until he is the lone kid left. The force per unit area is increased when the curate speaks to him. Hughes recalls him stating, Langston, why don T you come? Why Don T you came and be saved? ( 32 ) . Milgrim provinces, Some were wholly convinced with the inappropriateness of their actions but could non convey themselves to do an unfastened interruption with authorization ( 614 ) . Not holding the bravery to acknowledge that the spiritual disclosure is non go oning, Hughes feels compelled to lie and come from the communion table. Although Hughes neer sees Jesus, the outlooks of others in the church cause him, and another kid, to give in and lie. Hughes admits that he could experience that the full church was anticipating him to ma ke what he did. Ironically, the same event designed to force this painstaking kid closer to God has pushed him further off. Langston Hughes could non withstand the authorization that expected him to hold a spiritual experience, doing him to lie, and subsequently profoundly repent the pick, altering him everlastingly. In the terminal, a bitter, angry, immature Hughes admits that he no longer believes in Jesus. Hughes and Orwell show how normal people can respond in ways they would usually reprobate. Their picks clearly show that one can be witting of what is right or incorrect, yet minutes subsequently, be able to apologize the antonym as a plausible pick. They merely enforce the message that Milgrim s try provinces, Obedience is as basic an component in the construction of societal life as one can indicate to. Clearly, both Hughes and Orwell regretted the determinations they made, but something compelled them to make it. It is this unwritten societal regulation of obeisance that would coerce a constabulary officer to unnecessarily kill, and a spiritual male child to lie in church. One must be able to recognize the greater immorality that can come from simple obeisance without inquiry. It is everyone s duty to take right over incorrect on his or her ain.

PBS -- Positive Behavior Support

PBS Positive Behavior Support PBS stands for Positive Behavior Support, which seeks to support and reinforce appropriate behavior in school and eliminate negative, problem behaviors. Focusing on reinforcing and teaching the behaviors that lead to learning and school success, PBS has proven to be significantly better than the old methods of punish and suspend. Using Positive Behavior Support There are a number of successful strategies for supporting positive behavior.  Among them are color behavior charts (as in the illustration,) color wheels, token economies and other means of reinforcing good behavior. Still, the other important components of a successful positive behavior plan include routines, rules, and clear expectations.  Those expectations should be posted in the halls, on classroom walls and all the places students will see them.   Positive Behavior Support can be class-wide or school-wide. Of course, teachers will write behavior plans in collaboration with behavior specialists or psychologists that will support individual students, called BIPs (Behavior Intervention Plans) but a class-wide system will put everyone in the class on the same path. Positive Behavior Support plans can be adapted to support students with disabilities.  By making modifications to the plans, and using the reinforcers designed for the whole school, or the strategy (color chart, etc.) to describe the behaviors and the consequences (i.e. Quiet hands when the clip goes to red.  No calling out when the clip goes to red, etc.)   Many schools have school-wide positive behavior support plans.  Usually, the school has a single set of cues and prompts for certain behaviors, clarity about school rules and the consequences, and means to win prizes or special privileges.  Often, the behavior support plan includes ways that students can win points or school bucks for positive behavior which they can use toward prizes donated by local businesses. Also Known As: Positive Behavior Plans Examples: Miss Johnson started a Positive Behavior Support plan for her classroom. Students receive raffle tickets when they are caught being good. Each Friday she pills a ticket from a box, and the student whose name is called gets to pick a prize from her treasure chest.

A step-by-step guide to professional-looking tables

A step-by-step guide to professional-looking tables A step-by-step guide to professional-looking tables Tables are a staple of many business documents – from management accounts to a marketing plan or an activity update. And most people know how to create a table in Word. What you may not know is how easily you can take your tables from basic (and boring) to impressive and eye-catching. Transform your tables Tables in published journals usually look far superior to those in the average business document. But it is perfectly possible to transform Words default tables into ones that are every bit as impressive as those produced by the big publishers. And in doing so, you can really lift your documents, to make them much more engaging. You can do this without stepping outside of Word. And – heres the best bit – you dont need a degree in graphic design or to be a Microsoft Office ninja to do so. Far from it. Watch the video to see how you can transform your tables, step by step: This post is taken from a lesson in our online-training programme Emphasis 360, which improves your writing in practical, bite-sized weekly lessons. You can find out more about Emphasis 360 and preview more lessons for free here. Image credit: Your Design / Shutterstock

Case study about Starbucks Strategic Marketing Managment

About Starbucks Strategic Marketing Managment - Case Study Example The social environment within such domains has been established largely by the significance that Starbucks has had for its environs over the years, whereby it opens its outlets where people are in large numbers and are willing to accept Starbucks within their ranks (Kline 2005). It helps them to sit back and relax while sipping away coffee or having some other dessert in the Starbucks outlets. The success for Starbucks has come about with the realization to set things right and more so from the social and cultural contexts, because this is something that shall bring about a great deal of importance for the global chain which has been doing wonders over the years. The opportunity that Starbucks detected was for its own good, and it paid rich dividends in the end. This was the most basic difference between gauging success or the lack thereof within such quarters. 2- Starbucks competitive situation has changed over time as the market and industry have changed. Use Porter’s Five F orces Model (p. 73) to analyze Starbucks current competitive situation. ... The bargaining role of the buyers and sellers has always been minimal because Starbucks has depended a great deal on its name which has become a brand over the years. This has been manifested through hard work and sheer commitment within its ranks, where its name is synonymous with repute and dignity all around the world. The threat of substitute coffee chains has similarly existed for the longest time. There have been mushroom companies which have tried the Starbucks name with their respective brands but have achieved little or no success at all, since the Starbucks’ hard loyal customers know where to get the best quality from (Stopper 2004). The threat of the competitive rivalry has always benefited Starbucks in essence as it has upped the bar of providing true quality and absolutely committed products to its customers all over the world. The current competitive situation has usually been built up over the passage of time (Snyder 2006). This was not always the case. The repu tation has come along due to the Starbucks’ top management realms who have understood the dictum of providing utmost quality and state of the art services to the esteemed customers all over the globe. When Starbucks first began, people thronged to get a taste of its rich coffee and wanted to be at the Starbucks’ stores at the very earliest. 3- Starbucks have had to change some of their marketing strategies over time as the market has changed. What are two of their marketing strategies to compete in dynamic markets? Starbucks has been able to change its marketing strategies over time because it wants to be the best available coffee chain that the world has seen. This has

The representation of black in fashion Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

The representation of black in fashion - Essay Example The step by the vogue magazine caused a phenomenal demand in Britain and the United States and made the Conde Nast Company sold more than four hundred thousand extra copies. The step is a cultural watershed in fashion and has world recognition. â€Å"Racial prejudice in the fashion industry has for a long time persisted because of tokenism and color biasness† said the fashion designer of vogue magazine industry (Giacobello, 2003:74). The fashioner designer of vogue said they had decided to take the black women and girls in order to have the right look and change monotony in the western magazines. He dismissed the claim that laziness, paranoia, and pedantry was a common phenomenon among the black women. The chosen Africans were to dress in African-inspired clothes. This gave them the minority look in the model as well as made them attractive to the western view. It also encouraged African culture. One common trend of fashion that came out clear was that, fashion loves change, however, it can change nothing itself. Fashion can detect or reflect changes in an aura. However, the question remains to be what changes fashion. The issue of blacks in the world’s models has drawn an attention in countries like the United States and now the country’s models and designers are wondering whether they should include black models in competitions or not. This makes the fashion industry and black representation story very interesting to learn and follow (Synder, 2009:12). The very vital questions revolving around the fashion industry that am going to base on are; the role of fashion industry in promoting an anorexic-like slimness for the modern day women in the western counties, the c ase of race and ethnicity in the fashion industry, evolution and black representation. From the Italian designers the fashion trend is diminishing from the era of race discrimination. World black supermodels in the likes of Naomi Campbell and a male

Effective Religious Practices Essay Example for Free

Effective Religious Practices Essay Throughout our history, leaders of various religious sects have used a number of methods, materials, and programs to initiate their followers into a certain ideology or belief system. This has proved to be both useful and destructive over the course of time. We have seen many horrifying events take place in the name of certain religions (Jim Jones, The Peoples Church), and have also seen many cases that could serve as a message of hope for others (Mother Teresa). The outcome of events that are sparked by the formation of a new religious sect, are primarily influenced by the programs and methods used by the sects religious leader, to instruct his followers to believe in certain belief systems, and commit actions that are justified by those underlying beliefs. When analyzing how a religious sect instructs its followers, or disciples, we should analyze both positive and negative correlations shared by various sects, in doing this, we could determine what practices have proved beneficial to society, and which ones have proved to be destructive. When observing certain pastors methods in instructing their followers, we could come to the assumption that a leader who preaches a peaceful and uplifting message is more likely to attractive followers who share the same views, on the other hand, a pastor who preaches destructive and self righteous message is more likely to have a congregation that reflects those same views. For example, Joel Olsten, a pastor at Lakewood church, has a consistent uplifting message that he shares with his congregation on a daily basis. When using this method of preaching, the pastor is not focusing on the negative actions of some of the members of his congregation, (Hell, or Damnation) but rather inspiring them to try harder, or to do better. When a pastor only focuses on topics such as sin, Hell, or damnation, then many members of his congregation will leave feeling ashamed and scared, rather than uplifted and motivated. A useful method that a pastor can use is always having sermons with a positive and uplifting theme, focused on what’s ahead for an individual rather than what they have done in there past. Another useful method practiced by certain pastors is not classifying there religion under a certain categories, such as Catholic, Methodist, or Jehovah Witness, but rather inviting people of all faiths to join, not just a select view. In practicing this, a pastor’s congregation has the potential to grow, without being confined by a certain sect’s moral philosophies. A church is only as powerful as its congregation, the larger the congregation, the more influence a church has in its surrounding communities. When practicing such things, a pastor does not limit himself to one moral view, but rather stays open minded and tolerant to the many views that his congregation may have. If I were to become a pastor, I wouldn’t be subject to one particular faith, but rather welcome any faith to my congregation. I feel that it is important to have a diverse congregation; it teaches people how to be tolerant and appreciative of another persons belief system. This ideology also proves useful in expanding a church’s total number of members, therefore harboring growth and overall success. As a church’s congregation grows, so does its net worth, and its influence in its surrounding communities. Secondly, I would choose to preach messages of hope rather than self-shame. I would want people to come to my church and leave with a renewed vision of hope, so that they are self motivated to become active members in there communities. In my opinion, this would prove to be very effective in increasing the total number of people in my congregation. In conclusion, it is far more beneficial when recruiting members for a congregation, to appeal to everybody’s emotional needs, by preaching an unbiased message that has a theme based in hope, and inspiration.

Argumentative Essay: We Must Eliminate Animal Testing :: Argumentative Example Essays

The practice of using animals for testing has been a controversial issue over the past thirty years. Animal testing is a morally debated practice. The question is whether animal testing is morally right or wrong. This paper will present both sides of this issue as well as my own opinion.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Approximately two to four million animals have been used in safety tests. Safety tests are conducted with a wide range of chemicals and products, including drugs, vaccines, cosmetics, household cleaners, and packing materials. This raises issues such as the ethics and humaneness of deliberately poisoning animals, thus harming them, for the sake of marketing a new cosmetic or household product.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The Humane Society of the United States promotes research methods that can potentially replace, reduce, or refine animal use so that animals experience less suffering. An opinion poll was taken by the HSUS on September 23, 2001 on pain and distress in research. The findings were that 62% of people would approve of testing if little or no pain was experienced by the animals, while 75% disapprove when severe pain is experienced.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  There is a moral blind spot in the treatment of animals that enable us to justify the cruelties for the perceived benefits of humans. Animals are living things. They have lungs which breathe, hearts which beat, and blood that flows. In fact, animals sense of smell, sight, and sound is much more acute than our own. Therefore, we can assume that their sensitivity to pain is at least equal to ours. According to Hippocrates, â€Å"The soul is the same in all living creatures, although the body of each is different.† This can go with the Duty Theory that states that every individual gets treated the same. The intentions of animal testing is not to harm the animals, but that is exactly what it does. In opposition of Hippocrates, others believe animals cannot be entitled to rights because they have no understanding and that testing on them is a necessity. A treatment to prevent scarring and loss of vision after glaucoma surgery will soon be tried on patients. This was made possible using rabbits. Following successful studies on mice and rats, a vaccine for malaria is now being tested on people. There is a wealth of evidence showing that animal â€Å"models† are not accurate and cannot be relied upon for safety testing and disease research. Scientists and doctors recognize that while animals are biologically very similar to human beings, they are not identical.

Jjt Task 1

For the five years Unique. com has been in business they have identified Social Responsibility as a core value within the organization. It has been the driving factor of our company’s culture and will continue to be in the future. We believe that every stake holder is impacted by the choices we make as a company. In our eyes, Social Responsibility represents the values of our business. Values in which we operate our business by on a daily basis. These and that demonstrate our integrity, respect and commitment. We are sincere in our level of concern for employees, vendor and supplier relationships, our community and the planet.We have had the same Social Responsibility plan in place for the past five years. Strategically, the Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) team heads up the development of our CSR Plan and supports the implementation and facilitation of the company’s program. This team is made up of managers from various departments within the company. Every employ ee of UniqueSquared is responsible for the development of our Social Responsibility Plan. As employees we are all expected to challenge and encourage the company and others within our organization to exceed our current level of CSR.Together they develop and execute recycling programs for paper and card board that represents global best practices and research. Through the coming years, we will look to continue building upon our commitment to be a socially responsible company. We have a long-term goal of incorporating CSR into every appropriate aspect of our business. Unique strives to be a leader in not only our industry but also in corporate social responsibility. We plan to achieve this through leadership in recycling practices, environmental awareness, employee and community support programs and economic growth.SOCIAL RESPONSIBILITY PROGRAM OVERVIEW UniqueSquared is an online e-tailer of pro-audio equipment. With the distribution of over 5,000 packaged orders per day, we are also responsible for protecting the environment. We have a vested interest in the sustainability of our economy, the environment and people. As the company may strive to increase profits, the main focus is on the triple bottom line, People, Planet and Profit. Our Corporate Social Responsibility initiatives are focused on the following three areas and directly impact and support the Triple Bottom Line concept: 1.Environmental (Planet) 2. Social (People) 3. Economic (Profit) Environmental: As a company we stand on the belief that we must do the right where we live and where others live as well. We plan to reduce our carbon footprint by implementing initiatives that improve and measure our recycling program. We ship and receive tens of thousands of boxes per week. It is most important that we discard these boxes in a way that is environmentally safe. A program will be developed to recycle and reuse empty boxes. We are requiring all of of suppliers and vendors to do the same.To be a preferre d vendor, supplier or manufacturer doing business with us you have to participate in our cardboard box recycle/reuse program. Boxes will be either reused or recycled into packing paper to be used in place of styrofoam peanuts and plastic bubble wrap. It is important to us as a company that the companies we do business comply and support this effort to save the environment. Social: We are committed to earning and keeping the trust of our local community. We also believe in contributing to programs that support the music and art.The schools in our area have lost most or all of their funding for music and art programs. We have taken on the responsibility of providing resources and funding to keep these programs available to the families in our community. Employees are encouraged to volunteer a minimum of five hours per month, 60 hours per year to the improvement of our community or assisting with the community music and art programs. We do not only want to be a company that is viewed a s being a leader in the pro-audio retail industry. We strive to be an employer that is viewed by our community as ne that is ethical, uplifting, caring and invested in the community we exist in as well as the world. Economic: Our economic growth and sustainability benefits our local community, our state and our country. We contribute to the prosperity of our community by not only being a local employer, but one that believes in hiring local people. Supporting the development and growth of our community by investing in the area. We provide opportunities for growth and development within the community by offering college scholarship and program sponsorships.We believe that we are only as strong as those we are surrounded by. Legal: CSR failures are becoming popular amongst corporations. These failures are impacting not only their reputations, but also their financial stability. When a company has not met their communicated CSR plan their stock price and market share can be poorly affe cted. UniqueSquared will engage legal council as we revise our CSR strategy. We must ensure that the company and all stakeholders are protected. Our legal team will take part in the development of our CSR strategy and the performance indicators.According to Carroll (1991), â€Å"Legal responsibilities reflect a view of ‘codified ethics’ in the sense that they embody basic notions of fair operations as established by our lawmakers. † Although it is important to maximize profits, we have a legal obligation to conduct business in a way that is in alignment with the requirements of government and law. As we push to excel and be a profitable company, being in compliance with local, state and federal regulations is a must. Our legal team will ensure we are fulfilling all of our legal obligations and that we are meeting or exceeding all legal requirements.Since July, 1996 a mandatory recycling ordinance has been in effect. It requires offices buildings and warehouses wi th 15,000 square feet or more of office space to recycle office paper, newspaper and cardboard. The City conducts annual site inspections of businesses that are required to recycle. Although the company continues to practice being socially responsible, internal and external communication, documentation and evaluation are areas for improvement. Communication of the plan can be stronger and more frequent to gain buy-in through out the company.Many employees are not aware of the requirements or the expectations for the company. If all departments are not aware of the social responsibility plan, it makes it very difficult to be successful. Quarterly newsletters and company wide reminder emails would be very helpful in providing plan updates, changes and successes to the entire company. The plan needs to be documented and published for everyone to be aware of the company-wide expectation in regards to social responsibility. A documented plan is useful in communicating the plan, identifyi ng gaps and necessary changes to the plan.With a clearly documented plan internal departments would know what the plan entails. Shareholders, vendors and the community would also benefit from this plan improvement. This information can be published to the company website for external parties to be able to view and download. As well as being available on the internal company website for employees to access easily. Although the company has done a lot to be socially responsible, there is no set evaluation plan in place to identify success or needed improvements. How do we know when the plan is successful?How do we know when we our current plan is no longer relevant or needs to be updated or revised? With an evaluation plan, it would help in answering these questions and more on an ongoing basis. Annual plan evaluations can be sent to solicit feedback, status and opinions from the employees, vendors and the community. Ethical Leadership The concept of ethical leadership can be difficult to explain for it is more than leaders doing the right thing. Ethical leadership addresses the areas of leadership through the appropriate handling of the situation, event or occurrence.The areas to be addressed are constantly changing and are not always the same for every organization. Leaders must gain the trust of those they lead. The culture of every organization may vary and the challenges will be different. How a leader addresses the challenges is essential to social responsibility and the community as a whole. Ethical leaders not only have a solid understanding of ethical ideals, they also understand the purpose, vision, and values of the organization and the community. They are able to connect the goals of the organization with that of the internal employees and external stakeholders.It is one thing to tell the story being ethical as a leader. Ethical leadership requires leaders to live the story. PROPOSED 2012 SOCIAL RESPONSIBILITY PLAN Goal To have a vested interest in th e sustainability of our economy, the environment and the people in our community. As strive to increase our profits, we put focus on the triple bottom line, People, Planet and Profit. Strategy: 1. By incorporating the Social Responsibility Plan as part of the overall UniqueSquared business strategy, we will improve awareness an buy-in from all levels of employees within the company. . With measurable initiatives, we can ensure that we are meeting our CSR objectives that are also based on the company strategy. 3. Documentation is necessary to encourage stakeholder buy-in. We will provide ample documentation of buy-in by stakeholders to support the strategy as well as direction. 4. Legal council is needed and should be engaged to provide guidance and ensure we are in compliance with all regulations. One major risks of the CSR program is that we can be out of compliance unknowingly. This can be due to changing regulations and laws.They will also ensure the company and all stakeholders are legally protected. 5. By researching best practices in recycling and reusing cardboard boxes, and integrate into UniqueSquared’s operational plan. This will hopefully give us an advantage over our competitors who may not have a CSR program or strategy in place as well as those that currently do. Strategy Initiatives: 1. Integrate recycling and reuse principles into the UniqueSquared business strategy to ensure that all organizations within the company are provided with processes and procedures to promote and support the recycling and reuse program. . Develop policies and procedures that support UniqueSquared’s recycling and reuse program as we comply with recycling regulatory standards and mandates. 3. Develop supervisors, managers and executives to facilitate company-wide training programs on the recycle program policies and procedures. REFERENCES A. B. Carroll (1991, July-August) The Pyramid of Corporate Social Responsibility: Toward the Moral Management of Organ izational Stakeholders. Retrieved from http://www. cbe. wwu. edu/dunn/rprnts. pyramidofcsr. pdf

Reflecting on Wisdom Essay

The one individual that I consider to be very wise is Bishop T.D. Jakes. Even though, I have never met him face-to-face; words spoken by him has inspired mass congregations; as well as me. Opposing to common beliefs, wisdom is not the ability to be knowledgeable about everything, but to a certain extent holding an open mind to additionally enhance comprehensions A wise person considers anything they say before they speak and discuss about area of circumstances he/she knows about and asks questions about the ones he/she are not familiar with. Individuals who have wisdom are inclined to be modest instead of displaying show-offs mentality. A wise individual have a tendency not to be competitive and do not mind if others have the notion to accuse them of being wrong. People with wisdom also know that people will gain knowledge at their own rate and in their own time, therefore not staring down on someone just because they are not equally understood. Wise people have great insight and a g ifted ability to articulate it without belittling or embarrassing others. My favorite characteristic of a wise person is their ability to look beyond what is obvious (especially in unfavorable circumstances) and focus on the subject at hand. It must be also being made aware of that wisdoms come from life encounters, mirror image and/or educational training. Bishop T.D. Jakes holds these characteristics traits as an individual of wisdom. Bishop Jakes uses illustrations from his personal experiences in life, in addition to the lives of others which is under his counseling; Bishop Jakes provides pointed guidance on how to shift from battle to triumph, from prey to conqueror. Motivating and revitalizing direct honesty, this is the ultimate source for those seeking to comprehend and care for the love ones in their lives. This lends a hand decoding individual’s often impenetrable conduct which offers one-on-one approaches for better understanding and therapeutic in a person’s affiliations. Books such as, He-Motions written by Bishop T.D.  Jakes h ave put into words precision and prospect to everyone; which help them strengthen their relationships with themselves, others, and with their Savior. It has also given females the explanations they try to find as they communicate to the men they be devoted to. It may seem unbelievable to some because of the fact; a book causing so many people to get nearer as one in relationships and closer to God. Wisdom is that attribute of spirituality by which creates the greatest potential outcome with the greatest potential measures; through ministry and spirituality. Wisdom and intellect-knowledge are not equivalent, yet are strongly associated. Knowledge is obtained by building up information, but wisdom is effects from the approaching of issues that are learned. Knowledge is the bits and pieces made known through which wisdom put together its formation. An individual not educated possibly will be wiser than the most knowledgeable intellectual in actuality time and again are! While speaking of Bishop’s wisdom, it stands for his capability to formulate flawless conclusions and to accomplish those conclusions by great measures. Bishop in his wisdom makes use of the unlimited knowledge so that he may accomplish his objective in a means which praises God the greatest. All that is done by him seems to be prepared with flawless wisdom. Bishop perceives every thing in its proper relation to everything else, and so He is able to work toward His predestined goals with flawless precision. These are the reason, Bishop T.D. Jakes is known by many as a man of wisdom. He has changed lives through his knowledge of the Bible. There is not any study of more importance or value than a study of the nature and attributes of spirituality. In the past few years, I have been drawn deeper into what is known as, â€Å"The Words of God†. This is the reason why attributes of spirituality is the area, in which I have developed most fully. At the same time, not anything in life worth having was ever gained overnight. Therefore, I feel much work is ahead for me; to fully develop in future years come. Neither knowledge nor wisdom is gained overnight; it is a continuous growth process for years to come.

The Cathedral Essays - Philosophy, Platonism, Literature

The Cathedral Essays - Philosophy, Platonism, Literature The Cathedral Platos Myth of the Cave and Carvers Cathedral provide insight into parallel words. The protagonists in each story are trapped in a world of ignorance because each is comfortable in the dark, and fearful of what knowledge a light might bring. They are reluctant to venture into unfamiliar territory. Fortunately the narrator in the Cathedral is forced by circumstances to take a risk. This risk leads him into new world of insight and understanding. The narrator in The Cathedral begins the story with the issue of hesitation in seeing the light. The light in this story just like the light in Platos Myth of the Cave represents reality. The narrator expresses the fear of expressing reality when he said I wasnt enthusiastic about his visit. He was no one I knew. And his being blind bothered me. My idea of blindness came from the movies. In the movies, the blind moved slowly and never laughed. Sometimes they were led by seeing eye-dogs. A blind man in my house was not something I look forward to. (Page 98). The narrator felt that being blind was like being in a type of prison and the preconceived notion of self-imprisonment was frightening to him. He felt that blindness was exactly like being a prisoner in Platos Cave, a scary world where no light ever penetrated. Unfortunately, the husband is imprisoned in his own ignorance. His view of blindness had come from Hollywoods portrayal of blind people. As far as he is concerned, his situ ation is completely normal. He knows there are lots of people just like him. In The Cathedral the extent of the husbands ignorance or naivet is extremely irritating. When his wife tells him the beautiful story of the blind mans romantic relationship with his wife Beulah, all he could think of is What a pitiful life this woman must have led. Imagine a woman who could never see herself as she was seen in the eyes of her loved one. A woman who could on day after day and never see the smallest compliment from her beloved. A woman whose husband could never read the expression on her face, be it misery or something better. (Page 100). But the blind man had sight in the form of intuitiveness. This sight gave him greater vision than the sighted man. The blind man had a sense of and source of reality in the truth and strength of the relationship. This man was unlike the prisoners in the cave. The humans in the cave had no such reality. No love warmth or human contact. The prisoners in the cave had no knowledge of those things. The fire and the shadow provided the only reality for them. This was their source of knowledge and their source of contact with the world. For these people their cave life and their ignorance created a world worse than the blind mans. Unknown to the prisoners in the cave an elevated causeway crosses through the cave. The prisoners do not know where this road will lead them. In Carvers Cathedral, the narrator did not realize that the blind man was in his causeway out of ignorance. He did not realize that the simple act of his wife inviting the blind guest would lead to major new discoveries about himself and his ignorance. The narrators wife has been exposed to knowledge, which is what Robert represents in this story, for many years. She was more aware of the world because of her relationship with Robert. This exposure was instrumental in presenting her husband with a learning opportunity. Her husband was given the opportunity to see the light. This was territory into which he would have never ventured on his own. His fears from his own cave prevented such risky behavior. This was opportunity for him to learn, grow, and develop in a myriad of ways. He would gain in his relationship with his wife. He would gain new insights about himself, and most of all he would gain knowledge that would pull him out of his own cave. The narrator saw the blind man drink and smoke cigarette down to the nubbin. He saw the blind man enjoy dope and whiskey. These glimpses

Human Body Project Ideas for Biology and Behavior

Human Body Project Ideas for Biology and Behavior Human body science projects and studies allow us to get a better understanding of the human body. Not only do we gain an improved knowledge of anatomical functions, but we gain a greater understanding of human behavior as well. The following human body project ideas provide suggestions for topics that can be explored through experimentation. Behavioral Project Ideas Does your sense of smell alter your sense of taste?Which sense (taste, smell, touch) is best for identifying foods?Does music affect blood pressure?Does fear affect blood pressure? (Fear Science Project - Sample)How does caffeine affect the body?Does exercise affect memory retention?Does music affect hand-eye coordination?Does the weather affect a persons mood?Does playing video games affect a persons heart rate?Do colors affect a persons mood? (Colors and Mood Project - Sample)Does gender affect reaction time?Is yawning contagious?Does smiling affect a persons mood?Does human behavior change during a full moon?Does room temperature affect concentration?Does sight affect the ability to determine sound direction? Biological Project Ideas Does a persons BMI affect blood pressure?Do all people have the same normal body temperature?Which type of exercises increases muscle growth the most?How do various types of acid (phosphoric acid, citric acid, etc.) affect tooth enamel?Do a persons heart rate and blood pressure vary during the day?Does exercise affect lung capacity?Does blood vessel elasticity affect blood pressure?Is calcium necessary for bone strength?Does light intensity affect peripheral vision?Does eye color affect a persons ability to distinguish colors?Do different stressors ( heat, cold, etc.) affect nerve sensitivity?Do food smells affect saliva production? Human Body Information Need additional information about the human body for your project? These resources will help you get started: The human body is made up of several organ systems that work together as one unit. Find out what you need to know about organ systems.Have you ever wondered why certain sounds make you cringe? Learn about your five senses and how they work.The brain is a fascinating organ that directs a multitude of functions in the body. Discover how sweets can alter your brain, why swinging makes you fall asleep faster, and how video games affect brain function.Want to learn some interesting facts about the body? Discover 10 Fascinating Facts About Your Heart, 12 Facts About Your Blood, 10 Facts About Cells, and 8 Different Types of Body Cells. More Science Project Ideas For more information and ideas for science projects, see 30 Ideas for Animal Experiments and Projects, 22 Ideas for Science Experiments Using Plants, 8 Types of Biology-Based Science Fair Projects, Scientific Method Steps, and How to Write a Bibliography for a Science Fair Project. Science Models Constructing models is a fun and exciting way to learn about science. Try making a model of the lungs or making a DNA model using candy. It is important to note that just constructing a model is not an experiment. Models should be used to enhance your science project.

Cancer Care Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Cancer Care - Coursework Example On the contrary, vinyl chlorides facilitate the development of liver sarcomas. The purpose of cancer epidemiology helps in pointing out the areas of distribution of cancer and uncovering the main risk factor that causes and amplifies the cancer cases. Epidemiologic study or research provides a descriptive, cross-sectional, environmental, and methodical studies that attach on the case-control and highly entailed intervention process in managing of the cancer cases. The past 56 years has been described by an intensive research in the cancer field to expose the real nature of cancer and thus provide light on the nature of the risk factor on cancer (Kelvin & Tyson, 2011, p78). Incidence refers to a number of new cases reported in a fixed period of time divided by the number of people who are exposed at risk. Practically the time duration of study is normally chosen to be a year and is referred to as an annual incidence (Fleishman, 2012, p34). The importance of primary epidemiology in the prevention of cancer outlines the sets of entailed interventions that steadily shuns the development of the cancerous process. This groups of the process include health counselling and entailed education, keeping of product safety, ensuring of environmental controls. The primary attempts aim at controlling what may cause the development of the cancerous cells but secondary controls mainly deals with the treatment or reduction of cancer growth after detection or diagnosis. Product safety is a strong section of primary prevention since most of the chemicals are the sole cause and inducing factor of cancer. The prevention of cancer, at the primary level, basically invests in planning, evaluation and implementation of the preventions procedures entailed in the improvement of the comprehension concepts that essential on controlling of cancer (Wallace & Kelnar, 2009, p56). The primary prevention is normally designed for the prevention of cancer

Auditing Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Auditing - Essay Example The auditor is responsible for collecting and evaluating the evidence in order to make an opinion on the financial position of a company. In the contemporary business world, various changes have been experienced as auditors embark on addressing the challenges that face them as professionals. Quality auditing by independent auditors is a vital aspect in that it ensures that capital markets are effectively working while at the same time public and investor’s interests are protected. This paper seeks to examine the changes in the auditing environment and the resulting challenges. Additionally, the paper will discuss key lessons that auditors can draw in order to capitalize on emerging opportunities. During the annual conference for American Accounting Association (AAA), the issue of auditing skepticism was noted as one of the key challenges that are faced in the field of auditing. According to the PCAOB, every audit who is focused at coming up with a fair view of the clients fina ncial position must emulate professional skepticism throughout their audit process. This implies that firstly, the auditor should portray a general duty of care during their duties. Secondly, professional skepticism entails having a questioning mind on the appropriateness of the audit evidence (James, 2013). Thirdly, it comprises of there key elements that includes mindset, actions and attributes. The three aspects must be emulated together in order to come up with a quality audit. One of the major issues that results to change in the audit are the skeptical judgments arrived at during the audit planning. This can be due to the variation in the level of skills as well as the expertise of the individuals involved in the process. Additionally, auditing may be affected by the judgments of other auditors who have undertaken an audit process of a particular company. Being a complex issue that is experienced by auditors during their duties, skepticism entails various fields such as theory , auditing literature, corporate governance, business models and ethics among others. As a result of complexity of the auditing process in some companies, there has been a continued increase in the audit deficiency during the inspection of the financial information and records (Charan, 2005). According to McKenna (2011), majority of these deficiencies are caused by lack of adequate professional skepticism. Auditing standard calls for emulation of professional skepticism if an audit sees the possibility of a significant misstatement that may be caused by a fraud activity. During their duties, auditors should exercise professional skepticism especially during the gathering of information and evaluating the evidence. This implies that even if the auditor beliefs that the management team is honest, the auditor should not be satisfied with less persuading information. Another major challenge facing the auditing profession is hindrance to maintain its significance in the capital markets. It is vital to note that auditing plays an essential role of advancing capital formation. Similarly, it is subject to changes in demand. The profession faces significant choices of how and when to meet these changes. Though just like other professions, auditing must be in line with the public needs and regulate capital markets; it is faced by various factors that limit it. One of these factors is the statutory franchise. In order to

G H 402 Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words - 1

G H 402 - Assignment Example This document examines various ethical, economic, political and moral issues presented by e-health technologies across the globe. There are various ethical concerns about e-health technologies. For instance, there is concern about accessibility and affordability of the information among different users. The e-healthcare information should be accessible to all users cost effectively (Anastasius 58). However, there is concern about the accessibility of such information considering that many people lack access to the internet which is very critical for accessing electronic resources. The cost of obtaining such information may have reduced in terms of money, but how about the quality of the services offered to the users? There are various concerns about the privacy and confidentiality of the user information. The healthcare profession requires the patients’ information to be treated with much confidentiality and should be shared with third parties only with the patient’s consent. With a use of information communication technology (ICT) in a provision of healthcare services, there is an increasing con cern about the protection of user information (Anastasius 59). Furthermore, there is an issue of laws that are applicable in case in the event of breach of patient’s rights in the use of e-health services. In addition, the use of e-health services raises an issue of credibility of the information offered electronically (Anastasius 59). While professional and legal measures ensure the protection of patients’ information against unauthorized disclosure, the use of electronic health exposes patients to greater risk of loss of privacy of information. Health care providers should be morally responsible for ensuring the information they give to online users is credible and accurate while ensuring safety of users information (Anastasius 60). Healthcare has the political connotation in every nation because, in some instances, it is

Analysis of UK Commercial Law

Analysis of UK Commercial Law Commercial Law Definition Commercial law in England and Wales is not susceptible to succinct categorisation as a unified body of law such as, for example, criminal law or the law of torts. Goode[1] has commented: â€Å"The absence of anything resembling a commercial code makes [the question, â€Å"Does Commercial Law exist?] harder to answer than might be imagined. If, by commercial law, we mean a relatively self contained, integrated body of principles and rules peculiar to commercial transactions, then we are constrained to say that this is not to be found in England†. Commercial legal practice will deal with a wide variety of subjects including the law relating to contracts, consumer credit, insurance, tax and partnerships. Commercial Law is thus an amalgam of common law, statute and even equity. Historical Development Despite these difficulties of categorisation the existence of a body of law controlling mercantile life has been recognised since medieval times when special courts existed for the purpose of dealing expeditiously with trade disputes. In the eighteenth century Lord Mansfield held sittings in the Guildhall in the City of London to hear commercial cases assisted by special panels of merchant jurymen to provide commercial expertise. When these sittings were discontinued the parties were forced back into the common law courts which proved unpopular due to procedural delays and the fact that the judges were often not conversant with the needs of the commercial community. Accordingly, in 1892, the Council of Judges recommended that there should be a special court to hear commercial cases and this led to the introduction in 1895 of a special commercial list in the Queen’s Bench Division. In 1970, a special Commercial Court was established but this remains part of that division. Court Structure and Jurisdiction The Commercial Court is subject to the Civil Procedure Rules. Part 49 and the associated Practice Direction provides that the court has jurisdiction in: â€Å"any case arising out of trade and commerce in general including any case relating to†: A business document or contract; The export or import of goods; The carriage of goods by land, sea, air or pipeline; The exploitation of oil and gas resources; Insurance and reinsurance; Banking and financial services; The operation of markets and exchanges; Business agency; and Arbitration. The remit of the court therefore also represents a succinct statement of the type of disputes which might be regarded as â€Å"commercial† notwithstanding the vagueness of this term. However, it should be noted that the county court has unlimited jurisdiction in claims in contract and tort and it is mandatory for claims worth less than  £15,000 to be commenced there. Thus a high volume of â€Å"commercial† law is administered by this court with the more valuable or complex being dealt with by the Queen‘s Bench Division of the High Court. The Chancery Division (the role of which in this regard can be summarised by its dealing with cases concerning companies and insolvency) will therefore also hear commercial matters. Finally, it should be noted that in addition to the Commercial Court, there is also a specially constituted Companies Court. The rationale behind the establishment of these fora is to allow the speedy resolution of commercial disputes by a body with expertise in and sympathy for the unique needs of those involved in commercial enterprise. Thus the scope and extent of commercial law is vast and full description is impossible within the scope of this submission. Nonetheless, it is proposed to examine certain key elements of the corpus of commercial law which characterise its principles and demonstrate its operation in practice. Sale of Goods This is a species of the law of contract which has long existed and been regulated by common law principles. Contracts have been defined[2] as â€Å"legally enforceable agreements which represent a vehicle for planned exchanges†. Contracts for the sale of goods are therefore subject to contract law principles but it should not be forgotten that they are increasingly controlled by specific statutory provisions. Thus all contracts for the supply of goods now contain terms which are implied by statute and prescribe that they must be of a stipulated quality. The Sale of Goods Act 1979 (as amended by the Sale and Supply of Goods Act 1994) imposes a number of requirements: s.12: that the seller should have the right to sell the goods, that the goods should be free from encumbrances and that the buyer should enjoy quiet possession of them; s.13: that where the goods are sold by description, they should corespond with that description; s.14(2): that the goods should be of satisfactory quality; s.14(3): that the goods should be fit for the buyer’s purpose; s.15: that where the goods are sold by sample, they should correspond with that sample. Of the above, the implied term as to satisfactory quality is one of the most frequently litigated. The word â€Å"satisfactory† replaced (by the 1994) the use of the historic term â€Å"merchantable† in relation to quality and continues a long pedigree of such a requirement in English law. Decisions in the 19th Century demonstrate a recognition by the law of the commercial expectations of a purchaser. In Gardiner v Gray[3], Lord Ellenborough observed somewhat bluntly: â€Å"The purchaser cannot be expected to buy goods to lay them on a dunghill†(!) While the concept of â€Å"merchantability† endured, it was not until 1973 that it was the subject of statutory definition. By then, the term had become somewhat outmoded with Lord Ormrod commenting in 1976[4]: â€Å"the word has fallen out of general use and largely lost its meaning, except to merchants and traders in some branches of commerce†. Nonetheless, it was not until 1994 that it was replaced by somewhat less arcane terminology. Another significant statutory intervention in the ability of parties to determine the contractual relationships between themselves relates to exemption clauses or unfair contract terms. The leading piece of legislation in this field is the Unfair Contract Terms Act 1977. Prior to its enactment, the courts interpreted attempts by parties to a contract to restrict or exclude their liability in the event of a breach of contract very strictly. The legislative code has now largely superseded this function. The common law lacked the ability simply to declare such a term unenforceable merely on the ground that it was unfair or unreasonable (see Photo Production Ltd v Securicor Transport Ltd[5]) hence the need for the sometimes strained interpretation of such clauses. In broad terms the 1977 Act applies a test of â€Å"reasonableness† to such clauses in commercial contracts. Not surprisingly, this concept and the interpretation of the term has been the subject of much litigation. The Unfair Terms in Consumer Contracts Regulations 1999 extend certain aspects of the 1977 legislation. They were implemented as a result of a European Directive and apply to terms (other than â€Å"core† terms in consumer contracts. They are therefore different in certain critical aspects from the 1979 Act and a comparison of the respective effects of the two reveals anomalies. It is submitted that the original legislation should now be reviewed and redrawn in order to provide a unified and consistent framework. Manufacturers and Product Liability While the above legislation applies only in contract law, it should not be overlooked that there are certain commercial situations in which the law of tort can play a part supplying an additional or alternative remedy. The statutory implied terms described above may entitle the buyer to reject defective goods and, in any event, claim damages for the breach of contract. Because this law is based upon the contract, a problem arises as a result of the doctrine of privity of contract which enables only the parties to a contract to sue upon it. Accordingly, the law of tort began to develop remedies for situations in which loss or damage was caused by a breach but the breach was not actionable in contract at the behest of the party thus injured. In the classic case of Donoghue v Stevenson[6], the principle was established that in certain circumstances a manufacturer owes a duty of care to the end-user of his product. Thus where the product is defective and causes injury, the consumer may r ecover against the manufactuer in negligence notwithstanding that there is no direct contractual or other relationship between them concerning the supply of the product. Again driven by Europe, the UK passed the 1987 Consumer Protection Act in order further to regulate product liability. A claim may be brought under the Act by any person injured by a â€Å"defective product†. â€Å"Product† includes goods and even electricity. A product is defective for the purposes of the Act if its safety, including not only the risk of personal injury but also the risk of damage to other property is â€Å"not such as persons generally are entitled to expect†. It is submitted that this legislation is not only appropriate but necessary in the complex modern consumer society in which products are increasingly sophisticated and the relationship between manufacturer and end-user far more difficult to discern than would have been the case in the nineteenth century. Consumer Credit A very significant development in commercial law in the recent age has been in respect of the protection of customers in credit transactions. In Consumer Credit Deregulation, A Review by the Director General of Fair Trading[7] it was recognised that there was required â€Å"a strong level of protection in a market which for many centuries perhaps even since ancient times has been regarded by law makers as particularly sensitive. Buyer-seller interactions in credit markets are characterised by imbalances of information and bargaining strength between lenders and borrowers.† Accordingly, in the 1970’s, following the report of the Crowther Committee[8] the Consumer Credit Act 1974 was enacted. The Act applies to â€Å"regulated agreements† which are defined as â€Å"consumer credit agreements or consumer hire agreements†. Despite the emphasis on the word consumer, certain types of business credit transactions are controlled. Section 8 of the Act defines a c onsumer credit agreement as â€Å"a personal credit agreement by which the creditor provides the debtor with credit not exceeding [an amount varied by Statutory Instrument from time to time]. Section 189(1) defines an individual as â€Å"including a partnership or other unincorporated body of persons not consisting entirely of bodies corporate†. Thus many commercial business transactions (provided that they do not involve companies) are caught by the Act. The OFT Report referred to above proposed that all business credit transactions be removed from the scope of the Act but this suggestion was rejected. Conversely (and perhaps a little perversely) the present upper limit on such transactions of  £25,000 means that many genuine non-business consumers increasingly fall outside the safety net of the Act. The operation of this type of provision in the commercial sector again serves to illustrate the difficulty of classifying commercial law as a single discrete body of regulati on. The inclusion of chapters on consumer credit in most so-called commercial law textbooks plus the existence of an entirely separate body of work purporting to deal with â€Å"consumer law† is illustrative of this dilemma. Insurance The scope of commercial law extends into many other fields of human activity. On such example is insurance. This remains essentially commercial in nature and, in many instances, can be said to stem from the basic commercial dealings of the parties. If commercial law is regarded as being based upon transactions, insurance has developed as a means of protecting those transactions and the subject-matter thereof. The modern law of insurance has developed directly from the activities of merchants principally those involved in seafaring from Italy in the fourteenth century. Merchants reached agreements between themselves to insure their ships and cargo against the risk of travel by sea. This practice was adopted in the coffee houses of London and gave birth to Lloyds the principal insurance underwriter in the world. The insurance industry has been subject to statutory regulation since the Life Insurance Companies Act 1870. The current regime is regulated by the Financial Services and Marke ts Act 2000. Interestingly, in addition to such controls, contracts of insurance where appropriate also fall under the Unfair Terms in Consumer Contracts Regulations 1999 discussed above. Banking Bradgate[9] places banking at the very heart of commercial law: â€Å"The banking system plays an essential part in commercial activity in a developed economy. The modern bank provides a wide range of services to both business and private customers. The provision of such services is itself an aspect of commerce†¦in addition, banks provide essential services which underpin all other commercial activity†¦Ã¢â‚¬  Banking activities in the UK have long been regulated by regulated by statute with important developments occurring in the Bills of Exchange Act 1882 and the Cheques Act 1957. International Trade Although this submission has focussed perforce upon UK domestic law, it would be erroneous to conclude without acknowledging the international element which represents so great a proportion of commercial activity and gives rise to a consequent need for regulation. In this regard a distinction should be drawn between two possible uses of the term â€Å"international trade law†. First, it is used to describe the law controlling the relationships between the parties involved in international trade transactions. Second, it may describe the body of rules which govern relationships between states and regulate the use between states of devices such as tariffs to control imports which are subject to such international treaties as the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade. Works on commercial law habitually focus upon the English law applicable to international transactions. A great many contracts used in such international transactions contain a standard clause requiring the contract to be governed by English Law with the result that the Commercial Court in London is frequently called upon to adjudicate upon agreements that have been made between one or more parties located outside the jurisdiction. The UK is a party to the Hague Convention on Contracts for the International Sale of Goods which is given effect in English law by the Uniform Law on International Sales Act 1967. That Act is applicable to contracts where the contract itself stipulates that it should apply. In practice, few contracts take the opportunity to do so with the result that international sales contracts which are governed by English law fall to be determined according to the principles of the Sale of Goods Act 1979 thus returning us to the outset of this discussion. Conclusion Thus the scope and extent of the law which might be grouped under the heading of â€Å"commercial† is seen to be vast in reach and divers in type. Detailed description is therefore beyond the limit of a submission of this length. However, an examination of the broad cross section of topics discussed above reveals an enduring theme. In all aspects of commercial law the focus is upon transactions. Some commercial law such as the sale of goods legislation regulates such transactions directly. Other areas such as the law relating to banking and insurance concern the mechanisms that are necessarily ancillary to such transactions. Others again, such as product liability, stem from the consequences of transactions even where the party seeking to avail himself of the law was not a direct participant in such a transaction. Bibliography Bradgate, Commercial Law, (3rd Ed., 2000) Goode, Commercial Law (2nd Ed., 1995) Poole, Textbook on Contract Law (7th Ed., 2004) Treitel, The Law of Contract (11th Ed., 2003) www.hmso.gov.uk Lexis/Nexis Westlaw 1 Footnotes [1] Commercial Law (2nd Ed., 1995), p.1205 [2] Poole, J., Textbook on Contract Law, (7th Ed., 2004), p.1 [3] (1815) 4 Camp 144 [4] Cehave NV v Bremer Handelgesellschaft mbH [1976] QB 44 @ p.80 [5] [1980] AC 827 [6] [1937] AC 562 [7] OFT (1994), para.1.8 [8] Report of the Committee on Consumer Credit (1971) Cmd 4596 [9] Commercial Law, (3rd Ed., 2000)