3 Cases of Missing Parenthetical Punctuation

3 Cases of Missing Parenthetical Punctuation 3 Cases of Missing Parenthetical Punctuation 3 Cases of Missing Parenthetical Punctuation By Mark Nichol In every one of the accompanying models, a correlative comma that gives conclusion to an incidental expression is absent. Conversation after each sentence clarifies the issue, and a correction exhibits the arrangement. 1. A-rundown on-screen characters, including Scarlett Johansson, Idris Elba, and Bill Murray give the voices to CGI characters. On the off chance that the sentence started with the actors’ names and was a straightforward articulation of ID, just the commas after the first and second names would be required. But since the names, went before by the hierarchical sign word including, are incidental to the primary proviso, â€Å"A-list entertainers give the voices to CGI characters,† giving models as opposed to comprising a far reaching list, a comma must follow Bill Murray’s name to supplement the comma after on-screen characters: â€Å"A-list on-screen characters, including Scarlett Johansson, Idris Elba, and Bill Murray, give the voices to CGI characters.† 2. Regardless of Jones’s occupied calendar, Smith said that he generally discovered time for her. Smith doesn't state something despite Jones’s occupied calendar; â€Å"Smith said† is incidental to the fundamental condition, â€Å"Despite Jones’s occupied timetable, he generally discovered time for her,† so it ought to be organized by two commas: â€Å"Despite Jones’s occupied timetable, Smith stated, he generally discovered time for her.† 3. On the off chance that he got lost, Jones was told a pursuit gathering would not be sent to protect him. The sentence proposes, with a clearly tangled tense development, that if â€Å"he† were to get lost, he would be educated that no pursuit gathering would be sent to save him. In any case, what is implied is that he was informed that on the off chance that he got lost, no salvage exertion would result. â€Å"Jones was told† is incidental to the announcement, similarly as â€Å"Smith said† is incidental in the past model, so it must be set off from the principle proviso by commas when the expression: â€Å"If he got lost, Jones was told, an inquiry gathering would not be sent to save him.† Need to improve your English in a short time a day? Get a membership and begin accepting our composing tips and activities day by day! Continue learning! Peruse the Punctuation class, check our well known posts, or pick a related post below:35 Synonyms for â€Å"Look†50 Types of PropagandaWhen to Spell Out Numbers

The Chemistry of Natural Waters Essay -- Science Papers

Characterized in Chemtrek as â€Å"The nearness of the broke down divalent cations Ca2+ and Mg2+. . . (which) gives regular waters synthetic properties†, hard water has consistently been a revile to the two creatures and man 1 . It advances scale, the development of magnesium and calcium to where a stone like substance shapes in family unit and modern funnels, upsets regular natural surroundings and conceptive patterns of new water fish, and causes numerous wellbeing related issues in people 2 . To stay away from such issues, it is essential to comprehend ways that business organizations and mortgage holders can test for hard water. This trial analyzes two potential strategies for testing water hardness. They include: AA spectroscopy, which gauges a water test's assimilation of Ca 2+ and Mg 2+ , and EDTA titration, which utilizes a titration's end-point to decide the grouping of Ca 2+ and Mg 2+ present in a water source 1 . It is additionally imperative to find out about water relaxing, a procedure that expels calcium and magnesium from water sources 3 . For this analysis, I investigated water mellowing strategies, for example, divalent cation evacuation particle trade and water relaxing with a business water-molding operator 4 . My gathering chose to test AA spectroscopy, EDTA titration, and water mellowing procedures on four characteristic water tests from Little Chickies Creek in Mount Joy,PA; Allegheny River in Warren, PA; Stone Valley Lake in State College, PA; and a lake on Orr Avenue in Apollo, PA since it is basic to think about the nature of Pennsylvania's conduits. My theory expressed that the water from Little Chickies Creek would be the hardest on the grounds that it is situated by a few limestone quarries, which store calcium and magnesium into rivers and streams 5 ... ... Prentice Lobby, 2003. 5 McClintok , Michael. â€Å"A Hard Look at Soft Water.† The Washington Post 28 August 2003 : H.02. 6 â€Å"Threats to Western Pennsylvania Waterways.† Creek Connections . 13 October 2003 <http://creeekconnections.allegheny.edu/pollutionsummary.html>. 7 Van der Leeden , Frits; Troise , Fred L.; Todd, David K. The Water Encyclopedia . second ed . New York : Lewis Publishers, 1990. 8 Krogman, Nick. Science 14-AA Spectroscopy Calibration Data Charts. 9 Anderson , Troy . Science 14-Lab Notebook, Experiment 10. p. 54-59. 10 Angiulli , Alayna . Science 14-Lab Notebook, Experiment 10. p. 41-45. 11 Toms, Jarrett. Science 14-Lab Notebook, Experiment 10. p. 49-54. 12 Robb, Gordon A. what's more, James D.F. Robinson . â€Å"Acid Drainage from Mines.† The Geographical Journal March 1995: 47.

100 Must-Read Books about the Law and Social Justice

100 Must-Read Books about the Law and Social Justice For the past several months, Book Riot has been getting a lot of requests for recommendations for books explaining why our political and legal systems are the way they are. (We cannot possibly imagine why) So for your reading pleasure we present 100 Must-Read Books about the Law and Social Justice. For this list, I interpreted law broadly. Law is not just something that happens in courtrooms and legislatures; it infuses our whole lives. So while youll find plenty of books about the Supreme Court and its most famous decisions, youll also find some on the everyday impacts of the criminal justice system, the experiences of people in the workplace, and deep dives into the question of how our laws and legal system became what they are now. While most of these books about the law are focused on the United States, our neighbors to the north have not been left out, with some stellar examples of Canadian legal history. There are also a few selections from Europe, Latin America, and South Africa, but full coverage will have to wait for a future list. Without further ado 100 books about the law and more. 1.  The New Jim Crow: Mass Incarceration in the Age of Colorblindness by Michelle Alexander: With dazzling candor, legal scholar Michelle Alexander argues that we have not ended racial caste in America; we have merely redesigned it.' 2.  Americas Constitution: A Biography  by  Akhil Reed Amar: Incisive, entertaining, and occasionally controversial, this biography of America’s framing document explains not only what the Constitution says but also why the Constitution says it. 3. Carnal Crimes: Sexual Assault Law in Canada, 1900-1975  by  Constance Backhouse: Using a case-study approach, Constance Backhouse explores nine sexual assault trials from across the country throughout the twentieth century. 4.  Forcing the Spring: Inside the Fight for Marriage Equality by  Jo Becker: Focusing on the historic legal challenge of California’s ban on same-sex marriage, Becker offers a gripping, behind-the scenes narrative told with the lightning pace of a great legal thriller. 5. The Common Legal Past of Europe, 1000-1800 by  Manlio Bellomo: With a vigor and passion rarely found in a scholarly text, Manlio Bellomo has written a broad history of the western European legal tradition. 6. Transgender Employment Experiences: Gendered Perceptions and the Law  by  Kyla Bender-Baird: Using personal interviews, legal case histories, and transgender theory, Transgender Employment Experiences combines policy analysis with the lived experiences of twenty transgender-identified employees, showing how worker protections that should exist under the Civil Rights Act are instead systematically undermined in the case of many transgender employees. 7.  Policing the National Body: Race, Gender and Criminalization in the United States edited by  Anannya Bhattacharjee and Jael Silliman: Policing the National Body places issues of race, class, and gender at the center of its reproductive rights and social justice agenda by focusing on a key concern among women of color and poor communities today: the difficulty of maintaining families and sustaining community in the face of increasing criminalization. 8.  Madison’s Hand: Revising the Constitutional Convention  by  Mary Sarah Bilder: James Madison’s Notes on the 1787 Constitutional Convention have acquired nearly unquestioned authority as the description of the U.S. Constitution’s creation. No document provides a more complete record of the deliberations in Philadelphia or depicts the Convention’s charismatic figures, crushing disappointments, and miraculous triumphs with such narrative force. But how reliable is this account? 9.  Trying Leviathan: The Nineteenth-Century New York Court Case That Put the Whale on Trial and Challenged the Order of Nature by  D. Graham Burnett: In Trying Leviathan, D. Graham Burnett recovers the strange story of Maurice v. Judd, an 1818 trial that pitted the new sciences of taxonomy against the then-popularâ€"and biblically sanctionedâ€"view that the whale was a fish. The trial fueled a sensational public debate in which nothing less than the order of natureâ€"and how we know itâ€"was at stake. 10. Lets Get Free: A Hip-Hop Theory of Justice by  Paul Butler: Paul Butler was an ambitious federal prosecutor, a Harvard Law grad who gave up his corporate law salary to fight the good fightâ€"until one day he was arrested on the street and charged with a crime he didn’t commit. 11. Policing the Planet: Why the Policing Crisis Led to Black Lives Matter edited by  Jordan T. Camp and Christina Heatherton: Combining firsthand accounts from activists with the research of scholars and reflections from artists, Policing the Planet traces the global spread of the broken-windows policing strategy. It’s a doctrine that has vastly broadened police power the world overâ€"to deadly effect. 12.  Misconceptions: Unmarried Motherhood and the Ontario Children of Unmarried Parents Act, 1921-1969 by  Lori Chambers:  Chambers shows that the solutions to unwed pregnancy promoted in the reforms of 1921 were themselves based upon misconceptions. Misconceptions argues that child welfare measures which simultaneously seek to rescue children and punish errant women will not, and cannot, succeed in alleviating child or maternal poverty. 13. The Case Against the Supreme Court by  Erwin Chemerinsky: In this devastating book, Erwin Chemerinskyâ€"“one of the shining lights of legal academia” (The New York Times)â€"shows how, case by case, for over two centuries, the hallowed Court has been far more likely to uphold government abuses of power than to stop them. 14. King John and the Road to Magna Carta by Stephen Church: In this authoritative biography, Church describes how it was that a king famous for his misrule gave rise to Magna Carta, the blueprint for good governance. 15.  Between the World and Me  by  Ta-Nehisi Coates: Americans have built an empire on the idea of race, a falsehood that damages us all but falls most heavily on the bodies of black women and menâ€"bodies exploited through slavery and segregation, and, today, threatened, locked up, and murdered out of all proportion. 16.  Sisters in the Struggle : African-American Women in the Civil Rights-Black Power Movement  edited by  Bettye Collier-Thomas and V.P. Franklin: Women were at the forefront of the civil rights struggle, but their indvidiual stories were rarely heard. Only recently have historians begun to recognize the central role women played in the battle for racial equality. 17.  The Long, Lingering Shadow: Slavery, Race, and Law in the American Hemisphere by  Robert Cottrol: Students of American history know of the law’s critical role in systematizing a racial hierarchy in the United States. Showing that this history is best appreciated in a comparative perspective, The Long, Lingering Shadow looks at the parallel legal histories of race relations in the United States, Brazil, and Spanish America. 18.  Freedom Is a Constant Struggle: Ferguson, Palestine, and the Foundations of a Movement  by  Angela Y. Davis: Reflecting on the importance of black feminism, intersectionality, and prison abolitionism for todays struggles, Davis discusses the legacies of previous liberation struggles, from the Black Freedom Movement to the South African anti-Apartheid movement. She highlights connections and analyzes todays struggles against state terror, from Ferguson to Palestine. 19. Governing Immigration Through Crime: A Reader  edited by  Julie Dowling and Jonathan Inda: In the United States, immigration is generally seen as a law and order issue. Amidst increasing anti-immigrant sentiment, unauthorized migrants have been cast as lawbreakers. Governing Immigration Through Crime offers a comprehensive and accessible introduction to the use of crime and punishment to manage undocumented immigrants. 20. You Have the Right to Remain Innocent by  James Duane: Using actual case histories of innocent men and women exonerated after decades in prison because of information they voluntarily gave to police, Professor Duane demonstrates the critical importance of a constitutional right not well or widely understood by the average American. Reflecting the most recent attitudes of the Supreme Court, Professor Duane argues that it is now even easier for police to use your own words against you. 21. A Legal History of the Civil War and Reconstruction: A Nation of Rights by  Laura F. Edwards: Although hundreds of thousands of people died fighting in the Civil War, perhaps the wars biggest casualty was the nations legal order. A Nation of Rights explores the implications of this major change by bringing legal history into dialogue with the scholarship of other historical fields. 22. The Informant: A True Story by  Kurt Eichenwald: In this gripping account unfolds one of the most captivating and bizarre tales in the history of the FBI and corporate America. 23. Scorpions: The Battles and Triumphs of FDRs Great Supreme Court Justices by  Noah Feldman: They began as close allies and friends of FDR, but the quest to shape a new Constitution led them to competition and sometimes outright warfare. 24.  Ballot Battles: The History of Disputed Elections in the United States by  Edward Foley: In Ballot Battles, Edward Foley presents a sweeping history of election controversies in the United States, tracing how their evolution generated legal precedents that ultimately transformed how we determine who wins and who loses. 25. Discipline Punish: The Birth of the Prison by  Michel Foucault: In this brilliant work, the most influential philosopher since Sartre suggests that such vaunted reforms as the abolition of torture and the emergence of the modern penitentiary have merely shifted the focus of punishment from the prisoners body to his soul. 26.  Herculine Barbin (Being the Recently Discovered Memoirs of a Nineteenth Century French Hermaphrodite) edited by  Michel Foucault: With an eye for the sensual bloom of young schoolgirls, and the torrid style of the romantic novels of her day, Herculine Barbin tells the story of her life as a hermaphrodite. 27. Law and the Gay Rights Story: The Long Search for Equal Justice in a Divided Democracy by  Walter Frank: In his gripping new book, Walter Frank offers an in-depth look at the court cases that were pivotal in establishing gay rights. But he also tells the story of those individuals who were willing to make waves by fighting for those rights, taking enormous personal risks at a time when the tide of public opinion was against them. 28.  Law in America: A Short History by  Lawrence M. Friedman: In the masterful hands of the subject’s greatest living historian, the story of the evolution of our laws serves to lay bare the deciding struggles over power and justice that have shaped this country from its birth pangs to the present. Law in America is a supreme example of the historian’s art, its brevity a testament to the great elegance and wit of its composition. 29. The Legal Ideology of Removal: The Southern Judiciary and the Sovereignty of Native American Nations by Tim Garrison: This study is the first to show how state courts enabled the mass expulsion of Native Americans from their southern homelands in the 1830s. Our understanding of that infamous period, argues Tim Alan Garrison, is too often molded around the towering personalities of the Indian removal debate, including President Andrew Jackson, Cherokee leader John Ross, and United States Supreme Court Justice John Marshall. This common view minimizes the impact on Indian sovereignty of some little-known legal cases at the state level. 30. Civil Rights Stories edited by  Myriam Gilles and   Risa Goluboff: These stories give the students and faculty members a deeper understanding of the historical and cultural background of the cases and an insight into their long term impact on the development of civil rights law. 31. My Own Words  by  Ruth Bader Ginsburg: The first book from Ruth Bader Ginsburg since becoming a Supreme Court Justice in 1993â€"a witty, engaging, serious, and playful collection of writings and speeches from the woman who has had a powerful and enduring influence on law, women’s rights, and popular culture. 32. Lawyers and Legal Culture in British North America: Beamish Murdoch of Halifax  by  Philip Girard: From award-winning biographer Philip Girard, Lawyers and Legal Culture in British North America is the first history of the legal profession in Canada to emphasize its cross-provincial similarities and its deep roots in the colonial period. 33.  Unequal Freedom: How Race and Gender Shaped American Citizenship and Labor by  Evelyn Nakano Glenn: The inequalities that persist in America have deep historical roots. Evelyn Nakano Glenn untangles this complex history in a unique comparative regional study from the end of Reconstruction to the eve of World War II. 34. Storming the Court: How a Band of Law Students Fought the Presidentâ€"and Won by  Brandt Goldstein: In 1992, three hundred innocent Haitian men, women, and children who had qualified for political asylum in the United States were detained at Guantánamo Bay, Cubaâ€"and told they might never be freed. Charismatic democracy activist Yvonne Pascal and her fellow refugees had no contact with the outside world, no lawyers, and no hope . . . until a group of inspired Yale Law School students vowed to free them. 35.  Inherently Unequal: The Betrayal of Equal Rights by the Supreme Court, 1865-1903 by  Lawrence Goldstone: A potent and original examination of how the Supreme Court subverted justice and empowered the Jim Crow era. 36.  Vagrant Nation: Police Power, Constitutional Change, and the Making of the 1960s by  Risa Goluboff: In 1950s America, it was remarkably easy for police to arrest almost anyone for almost any reason. The criminal justice system-and especially the age-old law of vagrancy-served not only to maintain safety and order but also to enforce conventional standards of morality and propriety. A person could be arrested for sporting a beard, making a speech, or working too little. Yet by the end of the 1960s, vagrancy laws were discredited and American society was fundamentally transformed. What happened? 37.  The Burger Court and the Rise of the Judicial Right  by  Michael J. Graetz   and Linda Greenhouse: A revelatory look at the Warren Burger Supreme Court finds that it was not moderate or transitional, but conservativeâ€"and it shaped today’s constitutional landscape. 38.  Becoming Justice Blackmun: Harry Blackmuns Supreme Court Journey by  Linda Greenhouse: In this acclaimed biography, Linda Greenhouse of The New York Times draws back the curtain on Americas most private branch of government, the Supreme Court. Greenhouse was the first print reporter to have access to the extensive archives of Justice Harry A. Blackmun (1908â€"99), the man behind numerous landmark Supreme Court decisions, including Roe v. Wade. 39. The Massey Murder: A Maid, her Master, and the Trial that Shocked a Nation by  Charlotte Grey: In 1915 Carrie Davies, an 18-year old servant girl in the home of Charles (Bert) Massey, scion of the famous Massey family, shot and killed her employer as he entered his house after work. Remarkably, she was acquitted, and award winning popular historian Charlotte Gray explains how this happened. 40. New York Times v. Sullivan: Civil Rights, Libel Law, and the Free Press by  Kermit L. Hall and Melvin I. Urofsky: Illuminating a classic case from the turbulent civil rights era of the 1960s, two of Americas foremost legal historians Kermit Hall and Melvin Urofsky provide a compact and highly readable updating of one of the most memorable decisions in the Supreme Courts canon. 41. The Alien and Sedition Acts of 1798: Testing the Constitution  by  Terri Diane Halperin: In The Alien and Sedition Acts of 1798, Terri Diane Halperin discusses the passage of these laws and the furor over them, as well as the difficulties of enforcement. 42. A Civil Action by  Jonathan Harr: This true story of an epic courtroom showdown, where two of the nations largest corporations were accused of causing the deaths of children from water contamination, was a #1 national bestseller and winner of the National Book Critics Circle Award. 43. Plutocrats United: Campaign Money, the Supreme Court, and the Distortion of American Elections by  Richard L. Hasen: Campaign financing is one of today’s most divisive political issues. The left asserts that the electoral process is rife with corruption. The right protests that the real aim of campaign limits is to suppress political activity and protect incumbents. Meanwhile, money flows freely on both sides. 44.  The Great Dissent: How Oliver Wendell Holmes Changed His Mindâ€"and Changed the History of Free Speech in America by  Thomas Healy: Free speech as we know it comes less from the First Amendment than from a most unexpected source: Supreme Court Justice Oliver Wendell Holmes. A lifelong skeptic, he disdained all individual rights, including the right to express ones political views. But in 1919, it was Holmes who wrote a dissenting opinion that would become the canonical affirmation of free speech in the United States. 45. Sisters in Law: How Sandra Day OConnor and Ruth Bader Ginsburg Went to the Supreme Court and Changed the World by  Linda Hirshman: The relationship between Sandra Day O’Connor and Ruth Bader Ginsburgâ€"Republican and Democrat, Christian and Jew, western rancher’s daughter and Brooklyn girlâ€"transcends party, religion, region, and culture. Strengthened by each other’s presence, these groundbreaking judges, the first and second women to serve on the highest court in the land, have transformed the Constitution and America itself, making it a more equal place for all women. 46.  Only What We Could Carry: The Japanese American Internment Experience  by  Lawson Fusao Inada: In the wake of wartime panic that followed the Japanese attack of Pearl Harbor, more than 100,000 Japanese Americans residing along the West Coast of the United States were uprooted from their homes and their communities and banished to internment camps throughout the country. 47. A Peoples History of the Supreme Court: The Men and Women Whose Cases and Decisions Have Shaped Our Constitution by  Peter Irons: In the tradition of Howard Zinns classic A Peoples History of the United States, Peter Irons chronicles the decisions that have influenced virtually every aspect of our society, from the debates over judicial power to controversial rulings in the past regarding slavery, racial segregation, and abortion, as well as more current cases about school prayer, the Bush/Gore election results, and enemy combatants.' 48.  The Drone Memos: Targeted Killing, Secrecy, and the Law by  Jameel Jaffer: The Drone Memos collects for the first time the legal and policy documents underlying the U.S. government’s deeply controversial practice of “targeted killing”â€"the extrajudicial killing of suspected terrorists and militants, typically using remotely piloted aircraft or drones.” 49. No Constitutional Right to Be Ladies: Women and the Obligations of Citizenship  by  Linda K. Kerber: This pioneering study redefines womens history in the United States by focusing on civic obligations rather than rights. Looking closely at thirty telling cases from the pages of American legal history, Kerbers analysis reaches from the Revolution, when married women did not have the same obligation as their husbands to be patriots, up to the present, when men and women, regardless of their marital status, still have different obligations to serve in the Armed Forces. 50.  The Framers Coup: The Making of the United States Constitution by Michael J. Klarman: Based on prodigious research and told largely through the voices of the participants, Michael Klarmans The Framers Coup narrates how the Framers clashing interests shaped the Constitutionand American history itself. 51. Indelible Ink: The Trials of John Peter Zenger and the Birth of Americas Free Press by  Richard Kluger: When in 1733 a small newspaper, the New-York Weekly Journal, printed scathing articles assailing the new British governor, William Cosby, as corrupt and abusive, colonial New York was scandalized. 52. Country of My Skull: Guilt, Sorrow, and the Limits of Forgiveness in the New South Africa by  Antjie Krog: Country of My Skull captures the complexity of the Truth Commissions work. The narrative is often traumatic, vivid, and provocative. Krogs powerful prose lures the reader actively and inventively through a mosaic of insights, impressions, and secret themes. This compelling tale is Antjie Krogs profound literary account of the mending of a country that was in colossal need of change. 53. Summer for the Gods: The Scopes Trial and Americas Continuing Debate Over Science and Religion by  Edward J. Larson: In the summer of 1925, the sleepy hamlet of Dayton, Tennessee, became the setting for one of the 20th centurys most contentious dramas: the Scopes trial that pit William Jennings Bryan and the anti-Darwinists against a teacher named John Scopes into a famous debate over science, religion, and their place in public education. 54.  Resistance Behind Bars: The Struggles Of Incarcerated Women  by  Victoria Law and Laura Whitehorn: As it examines daily struggles against appalling prison conditions and injustices, this collection of real-life prisoners stories and analysis of the prison landscape as it is today documents both collective organizing and individual resistance among women incarcerated in the United States. 55. Environmental Law Stories edited by  Richard Lazarus and Oliver Houck: Environmental Law Stories feature characters as diverse as community activists, small farmers, big businesses, dedicated scientists, skilled lawyers, strong-willed judges, and Presidents of the United States. Four of the ten selected cases established the field of environmental law, three others refined it, and the final three have sought to limit its effectiveness and reach. This selection mirrors the development of the field of environmental law, from the first, heady days of its creation to its current conflicts with other laws and values, including some embedded in the Constitution. 56.  Our Undemocratic Constitution: Where the Constitution Goes Wrong (And How We the People Can Correct It) by  Sanford Levinson: Levinson argues that too many of our Constitutions provisions promote either unjust or ineffective government. Under the existing blueprint, we can neither rid ourselves of incompetent presidents nor assure continuity of government following catastrophic attacks. Less important, perhaps, but certainly problematic, is the appointment of Supreme Court judges for life. Adding insult to injury, the United States Constitution is the most difficult to amend or update of any constitution currently existing in the world today. Democratic debate leaves few stones unturned, but we tend to take our basic constitutional structures for granted. Levinson boldly challenges the American people to undertake a long overdue public discussion on how they might best reform this most hallowed document and construct a constitution adequate to our democratic values. 57. The King is Dead: The Last Will and Testament of Henry VIII   by  Suzannah Lipscomb: Henrys will is one of the most intriguing and contested documents in British history. Historians have disagreed over its intended meaning, its authenticity and validity, and the circumstances of its creation. As well as examining the background to the drafting of the will and describing Henrys last days, Suzannah Lipscomb offers her own illuminating interpretation of one of the most significant constitutional documents of the Tudor period. 58.  Denial: Holocaust History on Trial by  Deborah E. Lipstadt: Denial is Lipstadt’s riveting, blow-by-blow account of this singular legal battle, which resulted in a formal denunciation of a Holocaust denier that crippled the movement for years to come. Lipstadt’s victory was proclaimed on the front page of major newspapers around the world, such as The Times (UK), which declared that ‘history has had its day in court and scored a crushing victory.’” 59. White by Law: The Legal Construction of Race by  Ian Haney López: In White by Law, Haney López traced the reasoning employed by the courts in their efforts to justify the whiteness of some and the non-whiteness of others, and revealed the criteria that were used, often arbitrarily, to determine whiteness, and thus citizenship: skin color, facial features, national origin, language, culture, ancestry, scientific opinion, and, most importantly, popular opinion. 60. Ratification: The People Debate the Constitution, 1787-1788 by  Pauline Maier: In this splendid new history, Pauline Maier tells the dramatic story of the yearlong battle over ratification that brought such famous founders as Washington, Hamilton, Madison, Jay, and Henry together with less well-known Americans who sometimes eloquently and always passionately expressed their hopes and fears for their new country. 61. Republic of Debtors: Bankruptcy in the Age of American Independence by  Bruce Mann: Debt was an inescapable fact of life in early America. At the beginning of the eighteenth century, its sinfulness was preached by ministers and the right to imprison debtors was unquestioned. By 1800, imprisonment for debt was under attack and insolvency was no longer seen as a moral failure, merely an economic setback. In Republic of Debtors, Bruce H. Mann illuminates this crucial transformation in early American society. 62. At the Dark End of the Street: Black Women, Rape, and Resistanceâ€"A New History of the Civil Rights Movement from Rosa Parks to the Rise of Black Power  by  Danielle L. McGuire: In this groundbreaking and important book, Danielle McGuire writes about the rape in 1944 of a twenty-four-year-old mother and sharecropper, Recy Taylor, who strolled toward home after an evening of singing and praying at the Rock Hill Holiness Church in Abbeville, Alabama. Seven white men, armed with knives and shotguns, ordered the young woman into their green Chevrolet, raped her, and left her for dead. The president of the local NAACP branch office sent his best investigator and organizerRosa Parksto Abbeville. In taking on this case, Parks launched a movement that exposed a ritualized history of sexual assault against black women and added fire to the growing call for change. 63. Queer (In)Justice: The Criminalization of LGBT People in the United States  by  Joey L. Mogul, Andrea J. Ritchie, and Kay Whitlock: A groundbreaking work that turns a “queer eye” on the criminal legal system, Queer (In)Justice is a searing examination of queer experiencesâ€"as suspects, defendants, prisoners, and survivors of crime. 64: 1867: How the Fathers Made a Deal by  Christopher Moore: From the first chapter, he turns a fresh, perceptive, and lucid eye on the people, the issues, and the political theories of Confederationâ€"from John A. Macdonald’s canny handling of leadership to the invention of federalism and the Senate, from the Quebec question to the influence of political philosophers Edmund Burke and Walter Bagehot. 65. Pushout: The Criminalization of Black Girls in Schools by  Monique W. Morris: Just 16 percent of female students, Black girls make up more than one-third of all girls with a school-related arrest. The first trade book to tell these untold stories, Pushout exposes a world of confined potential and supports the growing movement to address the policies, practices, and cultural illiteracy that push countless students out of school and into unhealthy, unstable, and often unsafe futures. 66. The Condemnation of Blackness: Race, Crime, and the Making of Modern Urban America by  Khalil Gibran Muhammad: The idea of black criminality was crucial to the making of modern urban America, as were African Americans’ own ideas about race and crime. Chronicling the emergence of deeply embedded notions of black people as a dangerous race of criminals by explicit contrast to working-class whites and European immigrants, this fascinating book reveals the influence such ideas have had on urban development and social policies. 67. The First Civil Right: How Liberals Built Prison America by  Naomi Murakawa: In The First Civil Right, Naomi Murakawa inverts the conventional wisdom by arguing that the expansion of the federal carceral state-a system that disproportionately imprisons blacks and Latinos-was, in fact, rooted in the civil-rights liberalism of the 1940s and early 1960s, not in the period after. 68.  Women of Color and the Reproductive Rights Movement by  Jennifer Nelson: Jennifer Nelson tells the story of the feminist struggle for legal abortion and reproductive rights in the 1960s, 1970s, and early 1980s through the particular contributions of women of color. 69. The Majesty of the Law: Reflections of a Supreme Court Justice by  Sandra Day OConnor: In this remarkable book, a national bestseller in hardcover, Sandra Day O’Connor explores the law, her life as a Supreme Court Justice, and how the Court has evolved and continues to function, grow, and change as an American institution. 70.  Making Foreigners: Immigration and Citizenship Law in America, 1600-2000  by  Kunal M. Parker: Kunal Parker argues that during the earliest stages of American history, being legally constructed as a foreigner, along with being subjected to restrictions on presence and movement, was not confined to those who sought to enter the country from the outside, but was also used against those on the inside. Insiders thus shared important legal disabilities with outsiders. 72. Brown v. Board of Education: A Civil Rights Milestone and Its Troubled Legacy by James T. Patterson: Here, in a concise, moving narrative, Bancroft Prize-winning historian James T. Patterson takes readers through the dramatic case and its fifty-year aftermath. 73.  The Good Girls Revolt: How the Women of Newsweek Sued their Bosses and Changed the Workplace by  Lynn Povich: On March 16, 1970, the day Newsweek published a cover story on the fledgling feminist movement entitled Women in Revolt, forty-six Newsweek women charged the magazine with discrimination in hiring and promotion.   It was the first female class action lawsuitâ€"the first by women journalistsâ€"and it inspired other women in the media to quickly follow suit. 74.  The Republic According to John Marshall Harlan by  Linda Przybyszewski: Supreme Court Justice John Marshall Harlan (1833-1911) is best known for condemning racial segregation in his dissent from Plessy v. Ferguson in 1896, when he declared, Our Constitution is color-blind. But in other judicial decisionsâ€"as well as in some areas of his lifeâ€"Harlans actions directly contradicted the essence of his famous statement. Similarly, Harlan was called the peoples judge for favoring income tax and antitrust laws, yet he also upheld doctrines that benefited large corporations.  75.  Six Women of Salem: The Untold Story of the Accused and Their Accusers in the Salem Witch Trials  by  Marilynne K. Roach: Six Women of Salem is the first work to use the lives of a select number of representative women as a microcosm to illuminate the larger crisis of the Salem witch trials. 76.  Killing the Black Body: Race, Reproduction, and the Meaning of Liberty by  Dorothy Roberts: In Killing the Black Body, Northwestern University professor Dorothy Roberts exposes America’s systemic abuse of Black women’s bodies, from slave masters’ economic stake in bonded women’s fertility to government programs that coerced thousands of poor Black women into being sterilized as late as the 1970s. 77.  Women and the Law: Stories edited by  Elizabeth M. Schneider and Stephanie M. Wildman: This book examines landmark cases establishing women’s legal rights, offering accounts of the litigants, history, parties, strategies, and theoretical implications. It will enrich any law school course and can serve as a text for a course on women and the law, gender and law, feminist jurisprudence, or women’s studies. This volume utilizes subject areas common to many women and law casebooks: history, constitutional law, reproductive freedom, the workplace, the family, and women in the legal profession. 78.  Undivided Rights: Women of Color Organizing for Reproductive Justice  by  Jael Silliman, Marlene Gerber Fried, Loretta Ross, and Elena Gutiérrez: Undivided Rights presents a textured understanding of the reproductive rights movement by placing the experiences, priorities, and activism of women of color in the foreground. Using historical research, original organizational case studies, and personal interviews, the authors illuminate how women of color have led the fight to control their own bodies and reproductive destinies. 79. Cannibalism and the Common Law: The Story of the Tragic Last Voygage of the Mignonette and the Strange Legal Proceedings to Which it Gave Rise by  A.W. Brian Simpson: Cannibalism and the Common Law is an enthralling classic of legal history. It tells the tragic story of the yacht Mignonette, which foundered on its way from England to Australia in 1884. The killing and eating of one of the crew, Richard Parker, led to the leading case in the defence of necessity, R. v. Dudley and Stephens. It resulted in their being convicted and sentenced to death, a sentence subsequently commuted. 80. My Beloved World  by  Sonia Sotomayor:  The first Hispanic and third woman appointed to the United States Supreme Court, Sonia Sotomayor has become an instant American icon. Now, with a candor and intimacy never undertaken by a sitting Justice, she recounts her life from a Bronx housing project to the federal bench, a journey that offers an inspiring testament to her own extraordinary determination and the power of believing in oneself. 81.  Captive Genders: Trans Embodiment and the Prison Industrial Complex  edited by  Eric A. Stanley and Nat Smith: Pathologized, terrorized, and confined, trans/gender non-conforming and queer folks have always struggled against the prison industrial complex. Eric A. Stanley and Nat Smith bring together current and former prisoners, activists, and academics for a new understanding of how race, gender, ability, and sexuality are lived under the crushing weight of captivity. 82.  Courting Death: The Supreme Court and Capital Punishment by  Carol S. Steiker and Jordan M. Steiker: Unique among Western democracies in refusing to eradicate the death penalty, the United States has attempted instead to reform and rationalize state death penalty practices through federal constitutional law. Courting Death traces the unusual and distinctive history of top-down judicial regulation of capital punishment under the Constitution and its unanticipated consequences for our time. 83. The Buffalo Creek Disaster: How the Survivors of One of the Worst Disasters in Coal-Mining History Brought Suit Against the Coal Companyâ€"And Won by  Gerald M. Stern: One Saturday morning in February 1972, an impoundment dam owned by the Pittston Coal Company burst, sending a 130 million gallon, 25 foot tidal wave of water, sludge, and debris crashing into southern West Virginias Buffalo Creek hollow. It was one of the deadliest floods in U.S. history. 125 people were killed instantly, more than 1,000 were injured, and over 4,000 were suddenly homeless. Instead of accepting the small settlements offered by the coal companys insurance offices, a few hundred of the survivors banded together to sue. This is the story of their triumph over incredible odds and corporate irresponsibility, as told by Gerald M. Stern, who as a young lawyer and took on the case and won. 84. Six Amendments: How and Why We Should Change the Constitution by  John Paul Stevens: By the time of his retirement in June 2010, John Paul Stevens had become the second longest serving Justice in the history of the Supreme Court. Now he draws upon his more than three decades on the Court, during which he was involved with many of the defining decisions of the modern era, to offer a book like none other. 85.  Perilous Times: Free Speech in Wartime: From the Sedition Act of 1798 to the War on Terrorism  by  Geoffrey R. Stone: Geoffrey Stones Perilous Times incisively investigates how the First Amendment and other civil liberties have been compromised in America during wartime. Stone delineates the consistent suppression of free speech in six historical periods from the Sedition Act of 1798 to the Vietnam War, and ends with a coda that examines the state of civil liberties in the Bush era. 86.  Speaking Freely: Whitney v. California and American Speech Law by  Philippa Strum: Anita Whitney was a child of wealth and privilege who became a vocal leftist early in the twentieth century, supporting radical labor groups such as the Wobblies and helping to organize the Communist Labor Party. In 1919 she was arrested and charged with violating Californias recently passed laws banning any speech or activity intended to change the American political and economic systems. The story of the Supreme Court case that grew out of Whitneys conviction, told in full in this book, is also the story of how Americans came to enjoy the most liberal speech laws in the world. 87. Down, Out, and Under Arrest: Policing and Everyday Life in Skid Row by  Forrest Stuart: How did we reach a point where we’ve cut support for our poorest citizens, yet are spending ever more on policing and prisons? That’s the complicated, maddening story that Stuart tells in Down, Out and Under Arrest, a close-up look at the hows and whys of policing poverty in the contemporary United States. 88. Because of Sex: One Law, Ten Cases, and Fifty Years That Changed American Womens Lives at Work by  Gillian Thomas: Best known as a monumental achievement of the civil rights movement, the 1964 Civil Rights Act also revolutionized the lives of America’s working women. Title VII of the law made it illegal to discriminate “because of sex.” But that simple phrase didn’t mean much until ordinary women began using the law to get justice on the job?and some took their fights all the way to the Supreme Court. 89.  Feminist Legal History: Essays on Women and Law edited by  Tracy A. Thomas and Tracey Jean Boisseau: Feminist Legal History represents feminist legal historians’ efforts to define their field, by showcasing historical research and analysis that demonstrates how women were denied legal rights, how women used the law proactively to gain rights, and how, empowered by law, women worked to alter the law to try to change gendered realities. 90. The Run of His Life: The People v. O. J. Simpson by  Jeffrey Toobin: The definitive account of the O. J. Simpson trial, The Run of His Life is a prodigious feat of reporting that could have been written only by the foremost legal journalist of our time. 91.  Uncertain Justice: The Roberts Court and the Constitution by  Laurence Tribe and Joshua Matz: From Citizens United to its momentous rulings regarding Obamacare and gay marriage, the Supreme Court under Chief Justice John Roberts has profoundly affected American life. Yet the court remains a mysterious institution, and the motivations of the nine men and women who serve for life are often obscure. Now, in Uncertain Justice, Laurence Tribe and Joshua Matz show the surprising extent to which the Roberts Court is revising the meaning of our Constitution. 92. The Nuremberg Trial  by  Ann Tusa and John Tusa: Here is a gripping account of the major postwar trial of the Nazi hierarchy in World War II. The Nuremberg Trial brilliantly recreates the trial proceedings and offers a reasoned, often profound examination of the processes that created international law. From the whimpering of Kaltenbrunner and Ribbentrop on the stand to the icy coolness of Goering, each participant is vividly drawn. 93.  Crook County: Racism and Injustice in Americas Largest Criminal Court by  Nicole Gonzalez Van Cleve: Nicole Gonzalez Van Cleve spent ten years working in and investigating the largest criminal courthouse in the country, Chicagoâ€"Cook County, and based on over 1,000 hours of observation, she takes readers inside our so-called halls of justice to witness the types of everyday racial abuses that fester within the courts, often in plain sight. 94.  The African Canadian Legal Odyssey: Historical Essays edited by  Barrington Walker: The African Canadian Legal Odyssey explores the history of African Canadians and the law from the era of slavery until the early twenty-first century. This collection demonstrates that the social history of Blacks in Canada has always been inextricably bound to questions of law, and that the role of the law in shaping Black life was often ambiguous and shifted over time. 95. Race, Sex, and the Freedom to Marry: Loving v. Virginia  by  Peter Wallenstein: In 1958 Mildred Jeter and Richard Loving, two young lovers from Caroline County, Virginia, got married. Soon they were hauled out of their bedroom in the middle of the night and taken to jail. Their crime? Loving was white, Jeter was not, and in Virginiaâ€"as in twenty-three other states thenâ€"interracial marriage was illegal. Their experience reflected that of countless couples across America since colonial times. And in challenging the laws against their marriage, the Lovings closed the book on that very long chapter in the nation’s history. Race, Sex, and the Freedom to Marry tells the story of this couple and the case that forever changed the law of race and marriage in America. 96. The Taming of Free Speech: America’s Civil Liberties Compromise by  Laura Weinrib: In the early decades of the twentieth century, business leaders condemned civil liberties as masks for subversive activity, while labor sympathizers denounced the courts as shills for industrial interests. But by the Second World War, prominent figures in both camps celebrated the judiciary for protecting freedom of speech. In this strikingly original history, Laura Weinrib illustrates how a surprising coalition of lawyers and activists made judicial enforcement of the Bill of Rights a defining feature of American democracy. 97.  American Legal History: A Very Short Introduction by  G. Edward White: Eminent legal scholar G. Edward White offers a compact overview that sheds light on the impact of law on a number of key social issues. Rather than offer a straight chronological history, the book instead traces important threads woven throughout our nations past, looking at how law shaped Native American affairs, slavery, business, and home life, as well as how it has dealt with criminal and civil offenses. White shows that law has not always been used to exemplary ends. 98. The Origins of Reasonable Doubt: Theological Roots of the Criminal Trial by  James Q. Whitman: To be convicted of a crime in the United States, a person must be proven guilty beyond a reasonable doubt. But what is reasonable doubt? Even sophisticated legal experts find this fundamental doctrine difficult to explain. In this accessible book, James Q. Whitman digs deep into the history of the law and discovers that we have lost sight of the original purpose of reasonable doubt. It was not originally a legal rule at all, he shows, but a theological one. 99. The Brethren: Inside the Supreme Court by  Bob Woodward and Scott Armstrong: The Brethren is the first detailed behind-the-scenes account of the Supreme Court in action.  Bob Woodward and Scott Armstrong have pierced its secrecy to give us an unprecedented view of the Chief and Associate Justicesâ€"maneuvering, arguing, politicking, compromising, and making decisions that affect every major area of American life. 100. The Battle for the Black Ballot: Smith v. Allwright and the Defeat of the Texas All White Primary  by  Charles L. Zelden: The history of voting rights in America is a checkerboard marked by dogged progress against persistent prejudice toward an expanding inclusiveness. The Supreme Court decision in Smith v. Allwright is a crucial chapter in that broader story and marked a major turning point for the modern civil rights movement.

What Is the CSS Profile for Financial Aid

The CSS Profile is a non-federal application for college grants and scholarships. The profile is required by roughly 400 colleges and universities, most of which are private. Any college that requires the CSS Profile also requires the Free Application for Federal Student Aid (FAFSA). Key Takeaways: The CSS Profile The CSS Profile is an application for non-federal financial aid (such as institutional grant aid).Approximately 400 colleges and universities require the CSS Profile. Most are selective private institutions with expensive tuitions and significant financial aid resources.The CSS Profile is a more detailed form than the FAFSA. However, any college that requires the CSS Profile also requires the FAFSA.The CSS Profile is typically due on or around the admission application deadline. Be sure to submit it on time or early in order to ensure your financial aid application is processed. What Is the CSS Profile? The CSS Profile is a financial aid application used by approximately 400 colleges. The application provides a holistic portrait of financial need so that non-federal financial aid (such as institutional grant aid) can be awarded accordingly. Unlike the FAFSA, which is based on just a few income and savings data points, the CSS Profile considers current and future expenses that arent always captured by tax documents. The CSS Profile is a product of the College Board. To fill out the CSS profile, youll use the same log-in information you created for the PSAT, SAT, or AP. Information Collected by the CSS Profile The CSS Profile overlaps with the FAFSA when it comes to income and savings. The student—and their family, if the student is a dependent—will need to submit personal identification information, income information from both employers and personal businesses, and non-retirement savings from bank accounts, 529 plans, and other investments. Additional information required for the CSS Profile includes: Your current high school and the colleges to which youll applyYour home value and the amount you owe on your homeYour retirement savingsChild support informationSibling informationExpected earnings for the coming yearInformation about any special circumstances that may not be reflected in the prior years tax forms (such as a loss in income, exceptional medical expenses, and eldercare expenses)Contributions towards college from anyone other than the students parents The final section of the CSS Profile includes questions that are specific to the schools to which you are applying. Much like supplemental essays on the Common Application, this section allows colleges to ask questions that arent covered by the standard part of the application. These questions might be used be schools for calculating grant aid, or they might be geared towards specific scholarships available at the school. Keep in mind that some colleges require an additional step. About a quarter of all schools that require the CSS Profile also require students to submit tax and income information through IDOC, the Institutional Documentation Service. IDOC typically requires you to scan and submit your federal tax return, including W-2 and 1099 records. When to Submit the CSS Profile The CSS Profile, like the FAFSA, is available for the next school year beginning on October 1st. If youre applying to a college through an Early Action or Early Decision program, youll want to complete the profile in October (possibly early November) to make sure you can be considered for financial aid when your application is evaluated. In general, the CSS Profile will be due on or near the same date that the college application is due. Dont put off completing the profile or you might be jeopardizing your financial aid award. Also, keep in mind that it can take a couple weeks for all of the CSS Profile information to reach colleges once you submit the document. The College Board recommends that applicants submit the CSS Profile at least two weeks before their earliest application deadline. Time Required to Complete the CSS Profile The CSS Profile is said to take between 45 minutes and 2 hours to complete. The reality, however, is that it will take several additional hours to gather the necessary documents, including tax returns, savings and invest account information, mortgage information, health and dental payment records, 529 balances, and more. If both the parents and the student have income and savings, the profile will take longer to complete. Similarly, families with numerous sources of income, multiple residential properties, and contributions from outside the family will have more information to enter into the CSS Profile. Parents who are divorced or separated will also have a less stream-lined experience with the profile. Keep in mind that you do not need to complete the CSS Profile in one sitting. Your answers can be saved regularly, and you can return to the form without losing your progress. Cost of the CSS Profile Unlike the FAFSA, the CSS Profile is not free. Applicants will need to pay a $25 fee to set up the profile, and another $16 for each school that will receive the profile. Fee waivers are available for students who qualified for SAT fee waivers. If youre planning to apply to a school through an Early Action or Early Decision program, you can save some money by submitting the CSS Profile to your early application school first, and then adding other colleges to your profile only if you dont get into your top-choice school early. Schools That Require the CSS Profile Roughly 400 colleges and universities require the CSS Profile in addition to the FAFSA. Most CSS Profile participants are selective private colleges and universities with high tuition fees. They also tend to be schools with significant financial aid resources. The CSS Profile allows these institutions to determine a familys financial need with greater precision than is possible with the FAFSA. Participating institutions include most of the Ivy League Schools, top liberal arts colleges such as Williams College and Pomona College, top engineering schools such as MIT and Caltech, and other highly selective private universities such as Stanford University and Northwestern University. A few scholarship programs also require the CSS Profile. Youll find that a handful of public universities such as Georgia Tech, UNC Chapel Hill, the University of Virginia, and the University of Michigan use the CSS Profile. Not all colleges find that the CSS Profile serves their needs, and a few top schools have created their own financial aid applications rather than using the College Boards product. Princeton University, for example, requires the Princeton Financial Aid Application as well as copies of the parents federal income tax return and W-2 statements. Please note: if you are not applying for financial aid, you will not need to fill out the CSS Profile for any school. A Final Word About the CSS Profile As college application deadlines approach, most students are entirely focused on writing essays and making their applications as strong as possible. Realize, however, that you (and/or your parents) need to be working on financial aid applications at the same time. Getting into college is important, but being able to pay for it is equally important. When the FAFSA and CSS Profile go live in October, dont procrastinate. Completing them early can help guarantee youll get full consideration for all available grants and scholarships.

Critical Analysis of Antony and Cleopatra. Act V, Scene 2-...

Cleopatra is one of the Shakespeare’s strongest and awe inspiring female characters. She is complex and decidedly inconstant, yet she is never less than her self: passionate, grand and over the top. By killing her self Cleopatra remains her truest, reserving all her greatness and mocking over Caesar’ triumph. Cleopatra is beyond neat categories and tidy synopses. Throughout the course of the play she dons many roles of hussy, enchantress, queen, tyrant, strew and mother. Her character has been as shifting as the clouds that Antony describes in Act IV, scene xv. Despite Romans’ victory she does not allow her multifaceted identity to be stripped to one of its simplest, basest components. Thus she refuses to parade through the filthy†¦show more content†¦Even in death she remains once again of her female power. Understandably the victorious Caesar is forced to admire her when he sees her dead body:†Ã¢â‚¬ ¦she looks like sleep/As she would catch another Antony/ in her strong toil of grace† (v.ii.345-7). The death of Cleopatra, which closes the play, is greeted by the reader with sympathy and admiration, even with exultation at the thought that she has foiled Ceasar. While Antony’s death rouses a strong feeling of pity, at the death of Cleopatra this feeling seems to be entire lacking. †Triumph†, â€Å"exultation†, â€Å"wonder†, are the words most commonly used to describe the feelings evoked by the last scene. Her death is so glorious as to be triumph, the final mood in Antony and Cleopatra is triumphant. The play ends with serenity, not with pain, but with grandeur. [Ernest Schanzer, The problems of Shakespeare] The end of Shakespeare’s play Antony and Cleopatra suggests that Caesar might have won the political victory but not moral one. Octavius will become Augustus, the great ruler of the Roman Empire. But Cleopatra’s assessment is partially true. Octavius is known in history as the agent of Rome’s transformation into Empire, but the poet’s natural subject is Cleopatra. Because she captures the imaginations of writers like Shakespeare, her name has ultimately even more famous than that of her

Dead Poet’s Society Free Essays

English 101 10/6/11 Dead Poet’s Society What happens at an all-boy, rich, private academy? I don’t know, but the Dead Poet’s Society gives us a good inside look at what goes on in this particular one: Welton Academy. This clip shows a very innovative teacher on the first day of school, trying to reach out to his students with an unorthodox way of teaching, especially for Welton. Through stereotypes, camera angles and shots, the tone and lack of music, the director creates an ambiance that directs the viewer to see the implicit and explicit messages towards education. We will write a custom essay sample on Dead Poet’s Society or any similar topic only for you Order Now Based in the 1950’s, this movie is about a new English and poetry teacher who is determined to teach his boys to live life with ultimate passion and love it. A group of his students take such teachings to heart and decide to recreate the Dead Poet’s Society, a secret club that meets in a cave and discusses poetry and philosophy, which is forbidden at Welton Academy because they discourage students from thinking for themselves. In this, the students begin to embark on their own adventures to follow their heart’s desires, which can lead down a difficult path for some of them. This particular scene is the first day of school with the new teacher, Mr. Keating. He walks past his students and out the door expecting them to follow. He takes them to the foyay, which houses all of the old pictures of Welton students. All of the pictures are black and white. Mr. Keating asks one of the students to read the beginning of a poem â€Å"To The Virgin’s To Make Much of Time†. â€Å"Gather ye rosebuds while ye may, old times are still a flying. And this same flower that smiles today, tomorrow will be dying. The significance of this poem is the motto that he hopes to instill in his students: Carpe Diem. He has the boys lean in, in silence, and look at the pictures. While studying the past, Mr. Keating slowly, eerily, whispers â€Å"Carpe†¦carpe†¦ carpe diem. Seize the day, boys. Make your lives extraordinary. â€Å" The clip ends with the boys walking out of his class and discussing the fact that he’s â€Å"weird† or â€Å"differ ent†, even â€Å"spooky†. The director uses stereotypes a lot in this clip. He has the do-gooder teacher, who just wants to instill some kind of life value in his students. He doesn’t want them going out into the world with no passion for life. We see a typical sick â€Å"nerd†, who is constantly blowing or wiping his nose, and is weary of the new teacher’s methods. He gets picked on all the time. For instance in the very beginning of the clip, other students are throwing paper balls at him before the teacher walks out. The â€Å"cool guy† is used to demonstrate that there’s always the kid who sits in the back, too cool to participate, but when he does all he wants to do is make a joke, even if he is wrong. He is mostly used for humorous purposes, but can also be there for sentimental purposes when needed. The director does a lot of camera shots back and forth from the teacher to the students. He tends to focus on each of the main characters rather than on the more insignificant characters. He shows the â€Å"house of Welton† which is just the shape of a house around an old picture of Welton students. When the director is focusing on the pictures, many times he seems to focus on a single boy. Which is a way of showing that all the boys but fend for themselves because there aren’t many allies in this world. He also focuses on the trophy in the picture bow. This can represent that Welton Academy prides itself on triumph and excellence, not on mediocrity. At one point the camera scans over each boy in the class, showing that they are all one, which a private school likes to pride itself on, but also on the conformity of a private school with all the boys looking very similar. The lack of music presents an eerie tone to the movies during this clip. Mr. Keating exits his office while whistling, not a word spoken until he tells the boys to follow. While they are all gathered around the table there is no talking until Mr. Keating does. And usually in parts you’d think that music would be, when he is talking about the significance of Carpe Diem, there is just silence. This presents a thought provoking moment. When all the boys are looking at the pictures in silence, it is a very emotional part, even though there is no sound. Mr. Keating is so incredibly passionate when he talks about Crape Diem, and seizing the day. He is so motivating I how he presents his views on life. He uses humor to connect with his students, even when they don’t really know how to react to it all. Some of his speech is even a bit morbid, but that kind of talking is the way that he wants to reach his students. He wants them to yearn for their life, not just live it but also crave it. He is a man who takes his love for life seriously and believes that every boy must be able to love his life just eh same. And if that means that they must bend a few rules and go beyond what they thought they could then so be it. It is such a philosophy that many private schools end to deture their students from having. This clip shows just small part but also a big idea that the director wanted to introduce to the audience. We are meant to love life, not stifle our passions into what other believes we should be passionate about. The director does a lot with this short clip in being able to show that Mr. Keating has a very different outlook on life and wants to motivate his students to have the same. Through his different camera shots, which focus on each boy individually and then also a great deal on Mr. Keating, the silent tone and the many different stereotypes, the director makes his point perfectly clear. The private institutions are meant for conformity and Mr. Keating is definitely one to go against the conforming nature of the Academy system. There is hope for the students, they just need to believe and learn to have the same lust for life that Mr. Keating so eagerly wants to instill in them. But the education system is not easily trumped it takes a lot of passion and desire to be able to become an individual in a world of conformists. How to cite Dead Poet’s Society, Essay examples

School Bag free essay sample

My name is Milk Bear. I am a school bag. Let me tell you about my past. Early one morning, I found myself hanging in a bag shop. Suddenly, a young girl, about eight years old, walked into the shop. Her name is Michelle. She told her mother that she needed a new school bag because her previous bag had given way. So, her mother asked Michelle to choose a bag that she liked. Michelle looked at the shelf and saw me. She took me down and placed me on the counter. Suddenly, everything turned white. I did not know what was happening. I stayed in there for almost three hours. Finally, I was taken out. Then I noticed that the white place was actually a plastic bag. When I looked around, I could see lots of beautiful things. It was Michelle’s house. Then, Michelle came running towards me holding books and stuff in her hands. We will write a custom essay sample on School Bag or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page After putting everything neatly in me, I did not feel so empty. The next day, Michelle carried me to school. I met some new friends, which are bags. After using me for a few months, I had a hole at the bottom. Michelle did not want to use me anymore. She threw me into the rubbish dump. I was so sad that a tear rolled down my eye. After a few hours, I saw an old woman walking towards me. She picked me up and brought me into her house. She used a very thick cloth to sew the hole in me. Then she gave me to her grandson. His name was Melvin. They were very poor. He carried me to school every day. He used me for years. Through this experience, I have learnt something – being with a rich person is not the best, being with a caring person is the best.

Everyone’s Gasoline Problem Essay Sample free essay sample

The fluctuation of gas monetary values occurs because of a figure of factors ; the monetary value of rough oil. the monetary value of fabrication. the monetary value of maize is all tied to the monetary value of oil and the monetary value we see at the pump for gas. In 2011. the United States consumed about 134 billion gallons1 ( or 3. 19 billion barrels2 ) of gasolene. a day-to-day norm of about 367. 08 million gallons ( 8. 74 million barrels ) . This was approximately 6 % less than the record high of about 142. 38 billion gallons ( or 3. 39 billion barrels ) consumed in 2007. harmonizing to the Department of Energy ( â€Å"How much gasolene. † 2012 ) . Of that. about half is used for motor gasolene. The remaining is used for distillation fuel oil. jet fuel. residuary fuel and other oils. Each barrel of oil contains 42 gallons ( 159 L ) . which yields 19 to 20 gallons ( 75 L ) of gasolene. ( â€Å"How much gasolene. † 2012 ) . So. in the United States. something like 178 million gallons of gasolene is consumed every twenty-four hours. We will write a custom essay sample on Everyone’s Gasoline Problem Essay Sample or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page The fluctuations of gasolene monetary values are a authoritative economic illustration of supply and demand in the market. If the demand for maize or oil additions or if a lessening in supply occurs. this so causes an addition in gasolene monetary values. On the other manus. if demand for maize or oil lessenings there will be an glut of merchandises and the monetary values will diminish. The seasons and US vacations may besides hold an impact on the monetary value of gasolene at the pump. Americans travel more during the summer and over the vacations. and the monetary value of fuel additions during these times to run into the demand and keep the market equilibrium. Chapter 3 Question 14 Assuming that the demand and supply for premium javas are in equilibrium. the monetary value will stay more or less changeless. If no important outlooks emerge in the market. we expect for the supply to besides stay changeless. If Starbucks introduced the universe to premium blends. this would do a positive displacement in the demand curve. Fro those premium blends. When demand additions and supply remains unchanged. we expect to see a higher monetary value and addition in the measure demand. There are legion factors that can impact the long-run equilibrium. such as alterations in supply. By and large the supply will increase and a new equilibrium will be found. Yet if a unforeseen event occurred that prevented an addition in supply being available for the market. so we can anticipate a different accommodation. A great illustration would be. if a difficult freezing eliminated Brazil’s premium java harvest. That would do a negative displacement in the supply curve. Assuming dem and remains changeless. a negative displacement in the supply curve will do measure to diminish and equilibrium monetary value to increase. Brazil is responsible for about 25 % of the world’s java supply. Harmonizing to java research. org â€Å" intelligence of Brazil java hoars echoes around the universe within a affair of proceedingss. Correspondingly. java monetary values normally jump due to outlooks of a world-wide java deficit. † ( â€Å"Coffee hoars. † 2001 ) Chapter 3 Question 15 The likely impact on nutrient monetary values in the United States if the supply of oranges were reduced. and the ingestion of maize for fuel was to increase. would be to anticipate an addition in nutrient monetary values. When events such as a deep freezing happen and the consequence is a lessening of supply the market will see an addition in the equilibrium monetary value if all other things remain consistent. If the president called for an addition in ethyl alcohol produced from maize. the supply of maize available to supply as nutrient will diminish. and the lessening in measure will drive the monetary value of nutrient to travel up. Harmonizing to the section of Agricultural and resource economic sciences â€Å"We estimation that maize monetary values were about 30 per centum greater. on norm. between 2006 and 2010 than they would hold been if ethanol production had remained at 2005 degrees. † ( Cater. 2010 ) Work Cited Coffee hoars. ( 2001 ) . Retrieved from hypertext transfer protocol: //www. coffeeresearch. org/market/frost. htm Cater. C. ( 2010 ) . The consequence of the u. s. ethyl alcohol authorization on maize monetary values.Retrieved from hypertext transfer protocol: //agecon. ucdavis. edu/people/faculty/aaron-smith/docs/Carter_Rausser_Smith_Ethanol_Paper_submit. pdf How much gasolene does the united provinces consume? . ( 2012 ) . Retrieved from hypertext transfer protocol: //www. eia. gov/tools/faqs/faq. cfm? id=23 A ; t=10

Career Change Consider These 5 Ways to Reinvent Yourself

Career Change Consider These 5 Ways to Reinvent Yourself Looking for a new job? Don’t pigeon-hole yourself by only considering opportunities similar to your established career path or what your degree says you are qualified to do. If you are going in a totally new direction with your career, it may require reinventing yourself, utilizing hidden skills and talents, and setting a goal to enjoy your new job more than you ever thought possible. As the poet Robert Frost wrote, â€Å"Two roads diverged in a wood, and I took the one less traveled by, and that has made all the difference.† So your new path may not be the most obvious one to take, but forging in a new direction can be very rewarding.How to Reinvent Your CareerIf you are looking for a change in employment; a job that will be rewarding and actually make you excited about heading to work each day, that job you seek may not even be on your radar.Reinventing your career requires thinking outside of the box (another job skill, by the way). Focus more on your hidden talents and the skills you have acquired through your work experience, in your personal life, or through volunteer work. Look down a different path, rather than the obvious direction of your work history or what you majored in college.What Skills Does a New Employer Seek?You have hidden skills and talents. Whether you mastered creating extraordinary PowerPoint presentations or your were in charge of entertaining your company’s clients while they were in town, you acquired extra skills along the way.So how do you identify these hidden talents and use them to find a new job or career? Here are the basic steps to reinventing yourself and finding a new career path.First, think about any skills you learned at other jobs, especially the ones that were never part of your job description, yet were required for you in order to succeed. This is a tough one because it requires really thinking about what was expected of you in moments where probably not a lot of recognition was given. These were side-skills and until now, nobody paid attention to them.Now begin writing a skill list and include all of your soft-skills as well as hard skills. While it is great that you are a PowerPoint guru, employers want to know that you have the insight to know what should go into a presentation that will reach the audience, motivate a client, or entice a customer. Write down instances where critical thinking and being keenly aware of underlying messages were something you tapped into.Add to your list any examples of being a persuasive public speaker. According to Prinstonreview.com, strong public speaking or presentation skills are vital for many career paths you might take. Think of it as the ability to sell or influence others, which could apply to a myriad of career options.Think about the research skills you have developed through your experience. Whether a career in law, marketing, teaching, politics or public relations, having a solid understanding of research methods will be a val uable asset for employers.If you are skilled at writing and communication then you are in luck. One of the top skills employers look for is good communications skills. If you can write or edit copy, there are many opportunities in which to use these skills. Above all, employers are looking to hire candidates with outstanding communication skills and who are team players, according to results of National Association of Colleges and Employers (NACE) Job Outlook 2013 survey.Finally, consider out of the ordinary experiences you have had on the job. This is a vast topic because there are so many ways you may have developed creative skills or sharpened organization capabilities. Have you excelled in illustration and design activities at work? Perhaps you were placed in charge of planning and orchestrating your company’s elaborate 10th-anniversary dinner party or an awards banquet?Creative or organizational skills like design or event management are needed in so many different forms of employment. Never leave those little extra talents you possess, like creativity or your ability to manage multiple tasks, off of your list.Think that focusing on your experience and expanded skill-set will not net you a solid job offer? Think again. According to a survey conducted by NACE, a vast majority of employers look more to hands-on experience and those extra skills, the ones most people don’t think twice about, when they are considering applicants.Now you are ready to consider new job opportunities, utilizing additional skill-sets and talents that you previously might have overlooked when searching for a new job. If it is time to explore new career possibilities, sign up with TheJobNetwork, include any hidden-skills that you possess on your resume, and head down a new path to your future.

History Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words - 1

History - Essay Example The Jewish police even shot at sight if they spied the inmates trying to escape. For example, they had shot at Leib Zelkowicz with a 7.65 pistol in July 1941, when he tried to escape. Leib had been at the Litzmannstadt Ghetto since June 1940, but made his escape in 1941 and thereafter worked on the farms in the county of Gostynin. The speech by Chaim Rumkoivski on May 15th 1944 (L9) sheds light on the deportation of the Jews. He explains that though the ghetto already had a population of 140,000 people, yet they were going to take in an additional 23,000. Nevertheless, the authorities have taken a decision of deporting about 10,000 from their ghetto. The people assigned to be deported are those individuals who were harmful to the ghetto and the underworld dons. Chaim refers to these people as a ‘festering boil’ and because of their behavior they asked for this kind of fate. (L9) He tells them that his commission of trusted aides chooses the people for deportation and he asks them not to make an appeal to remain at the ghetto. He also assures them that these deportees will not remain behind wire but would be given a chance to work on the farms. In the (W2) document by Michael Berenbaum2 (ed.) we come to understand how innocent people in the ghetto face the death row even though they were not guilty of any crime. The order that was passed was that 100 Jews and 10 Order Service men would be executed because they had opposed order by the German policemen. The atrocity was that the 10 patrolmen were not guilty of any crime but yet were given orders by the German City Police to be executed. Though a petition was put in for a curfew, the action taken for it was very slow. In the (W4) document we get a clear picture of the brutality exhibited by the Jewish police. They were violent and merciless and dragged women and children by their hands and feet and threw them on the wagons to be executed. The police also beat those who tried to escape. The Jewish poli ce did not mind killing their own kind too. They meted out inhuman treatment to those criminals who refused to go voluntarily to their death. In the (W4) the document gives evidence of ‘The Jewish Council’ being part and parcel of the illegal activities of the police and this was the group that took many decisions involving the deportation of the ghetto inmates. The following sentence in (W4) is proof of their nefarious activities - The officials of the Jewish Council also cooperated in the "operation," as did the service of the KAM-City Aid Committee. The Jewish police were considered to be the ‘chief culprits’ for the mass slaughters that took place. (W4) According to the documents of (K1) about the Kovino Ghetto,3 there was a great massacre of around 10,000 people at one time on 28th October, 1941. Neither the Jewish Council nor the police show any sympathy during the ‘selection’ (K1) The heartrending screams and cries of the people fell onl y on deaf ears as they were led to their miserable death. These details we come to understand through the (K1) document which was a letter from a father to his daughter who was an eye witness to the

Persuasive memos Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 1

Persuasive memos - Coursework Example These are the people who do the rudimentary work in the company for free. Yes, you read it right, the interns do all their work for free. That is because PME offers them the chance to gain valuable on the job training and work experience credit in exchange for the work that they do for the company. I believe that we can use the same template the PME uses for hiring its interns in order to help our corporation grow its client base while also mining the marketing and public relations field for the best soon to be graduates whom we can employ after they graduate. That is the same end result that PME has with their interns and I am sure that we too can make the benefits of hiring interns work for us as well here at Marketing Plus. As you can tell, the biggest difference between a regular employee and an intern is the fact that an intern need not do work that a regular employee can do. However, they can assist in the process and thus be trained for the job. This will prove that we do not benefit directly from the work done by an intern. As colleges and universities these days mandate that college students not be paid for interning, we are in the clear regarding the financial remuneration question. Although we can tell them that they can apply for a position at the company upon graduation, as long as we do not assure them that the internship is equivalent for guaranteed future hiring, we will not have violated any labor laws either. Hiring an intern will bring our cost of hiring contractual employees or outsourcing certain job requirements down. Our company will be able to balance the budget and overcome our ever expanding budget deficit by using interns to do the same jobs around the office. It is a win - win situation for everyone involved. Interns today are seen by most companies as a set of people whom they can hire for jobs that regular employees can do. But they do not want to

Introduction To Rdbms Oodbms And Ordbms Information Technology Essay

Introduction To Rdbms Oodbms And Ordbms Information Technology Essay The relational model is based on the structure of a database. A database is simply a collection of one or more relations or tables with columns and rows. The use of set theory allows for data to be structured in a series of tables that has both columns and rows. Each column corresponds to an attribute of that relation, while each row corresponds to a record that contains data values for an entity. The main elements of RDBMS are based on Ted Codds 13 rules for a  relational system, the concept of relational integrity, and normalization. The three fundamentals of a relational database are that all information must be held in the form of a table, where all data are described using data values. The second fundamental is that each value found in the table columns does not repeat. The final fundamental is the use of Standard Query Language (SQL). Benefits of RDBMS are that the system is simple, flexible, and productive. Because  the tables are simple, data is easier to understand and communicate with others. RDBMS are flexible because users do not have to use predefined keys to input information. Also,  RDBMS are more productive because SQL is easier to learn. This allows users to spend more time  inputting instead of learning. More importantly, RDBMSs biggest  advantage is the ease with which users can  create and access data and extend it if needed. After the original database is created, new data categories can be added without the existing application being changed. There are limitations to the relational database management system. First, relational databases do not have enough storage area to handle data such as images, digital and audio/video. The system was originally created to handle the integration of media, traditional fielded data, and templates. Another limitation of the relational database is its inadequacy to operate with languages outside of SQL. After its original development, languages such as C++ and JavaScript were formed. However, relational databases do not work efficiently with these languages. A third limitation is the requirement that information must be in tables where relationships between entities are defined by values. Today, the relational model is the dominant data model as well as the foundation for the leading DBMS products, which include IBMs DB2 family, Informix, Oracle, Sybase, Microsofts Access and SQLServer, as well as FoxBase and Paradox. RDBMS represent close to a multibillion-dollar industry alone. To combat the limitations of RDBMS and meet the challenge of the increasing rise of the Internet and the Web, programmers developed object-oriented databases in the 1980s. The main objective of Object-Oriented Database Management Systems, commonly known as OODBMS, is to provide consistent, data independent, secure, controlled and extensible data management services to support the object-oriented model. They were created to  handle big and complex data that relational databases could not. There are important characteristics involved with object-oriented databases. The most important characteristic is the joining of object-oriented programming with database technology, which provides an integrated application development system. Object-oriented programming results in 4 main characteristics:  inheritances, data encapsulation, object identity, and polymorphism. Inheritance allows one to develop solutions to complex problems incrementally by defining new objects in terms of previously defined objects. Data encapsulation or simply encapsulation allows the hiding of the internal state of the objects. Encapsulated objects are those objects that can only be assessed by their methods instead of their internal states. There are three types of encapsulated objects users and developers should recognize. The first is full encapsulation, in which all the operations on objects are done through message sending and method execution. The second is write encapsulation, which is where the internal state of the object is visible only for reading operations. The third is partial encapsulation, which involves allowing direct access for reading and writing for only a part of the internal state. Object identity allows objects of the database to be independent of each other. Polymorphism and dynamic binding allow one to define operations for one object and then to share the specification of the operation with other objects. This allows users and/or programmers to compose objects to provide solutions without having to write code that is specific to each object. The language important to OODBMS is data definition and manipulation language (DDML). The use of this language allows persistent data to be created, updated, deleted, or retrieved. An OODBMS needs a computational versus a relational language because it can be used to avoid impedance mismatch. DDML allows users to define a database, including creating, altering, and dropping tables and establishing constraints. DDMLs are used to maintain and query a database, including updating, inserting, modifying, and querying data. The OODBMS has many advantages and benefits. First, object-oriented is a more natural way of thinking. Second, the defined operations of these types of systems are not dependent on the particular database application running at a given moment. Third, the data types of object-oriented databases can be extended to support complex data such as images, digital and audio/video, along with other multi-media operations. Different benefits of OODBMS are its reusability, stability, and reliability. Another benefit of OODBMS is that relationships are represented explicitly, often supporting both navigational and associative access to information. This translates to improvement in data access performance versus the relational model. Another important benefit is that users are allowed to define their own methods of access to data and how it will be represented or manipulated. The most significant benefit of the OODBMS is that these databases have extended into areas not known by the RDBMS. Medicine, multimedia, and high-energy physics are just a few of the new industries relying on object-oriented databases. As with the relational database method, object-oriented databases also has disadvantages or limitations. One disadvantage of OODBMS is that it lacks a common data model. There is also no current standard, since it is still considered to be in the development stages. Object-oriented database technology is a marriage of object-oriented programming and database technologies. Figure 1 illustrates how these programming and database concepts have come together to provide what we now call object-oriented databases. Introduction to RDBMS OODBMS and ORDBMS Perhaps the most significant characteristic of object-oriented database technology is that it combines object-oriented programming with database technology to provide an integrated application development system. There are many advantages to including the definition of operations with the definition of data. First, the defined operations apply ubiquitously and are not dependent on the particular database application running at the moment. Second, the data types can be extended to support complex data such as multi-media by defining new object classes that have operations to support the new kinds of information. Other strengths of object-oriented modeling are well known. For example, inheritance allows one to develop solutions to complex problems incrementally by defining new objects in terms of previously defined objects. Polymorphism and dynamic binding allow one to define operations for one object and then to share the specification of the operation with other objects. These objects can further extend this operation to provide behaviors that are unique to those objects. Dynamic binding determines at runtime which of these operations is actually executed, depending on the class of the object requested to perform the operation. Polymorphism and dynamic binding are powerful object-oriented features that allow one to compose objects to provide solutions without having to write code that is specific to each object. All of these capabilities come together synergistically to provide significant productivity advantages to database application developers. A significant difference between object-oriented databases and relational databases is that object-oriented databases represent relationships explicitly, supporting both navigational and associative access to information. As the complexity of interrelationships between information within the database increases, so do the  advantages of representing relationships explicitly. Another benefit of using explicit relationships is the improvement in data access performance over relational value-based relationships. A unique characteristic of objects is that they have an identity that is independent of the state of the object. For example, if one has a car object and we remodel the car and change its appearance, the engine, the transmission, and the tires so that it looks entirely different, it would still be recognized as the same object we had originally. Within an object-oriented database, one can always ask the question, is this the same object I had previously?, assuming one remembers the objects identity. Object-identity allows objects to be related as well as shared within a distributed computing network. All of these advantages point to the application of object-oriented databases to information management problems that are characterized by the need to manage: a large number of different data types,   a large number of relationships between the objects, and   objects with complex behaviors. Application areas where this kind of complexity exists includes engineering, manufacturing, simulations, office automation and large information systems. Object-Relational database (ORDBMS) is the third type of database common today. ORDBMS are systems that attempt to extend relational database systems with the functionality necessary to support a broader class of applications and, in many ways, provide a bridge between the relational and object-oriented paradigms. ORDBMS was created to handle new types of data such as audio, video, and image files that relational databases were not equipped to handle. In addition, its development was the result of increased usage of object-oriented programming languages, and a large mismatch between these and the DBMS software. One advantage of ORDBMS is that it allows organizations to continue using their existing systems, without having to make major changes. A second advantage is that it allows users and programmers to start using object-oriented systems in parallel. There are challenges in implementing an ORDBMS. The first is storage and access methods. The second is query processing, and the third is query optimization. Since the development of RDBMS, OODBMS, and ORDBMS, many vendors have extended their systems with the ability to store new data types such as images and texts, and with the ability to ask more complex queries. One rising technique is enterprise resource planning and management resource planning, which add another layer of application-oriented features on top of a DBMS. Included applications come from  Baan, Oracle, SAP, and Siebel. These programs each identify a set of common tasks encountered by a large number of organizations and provide a general application layer to carry out these tasks. More importantly, DBMS have advanced into the Internet and Web Age.  Stored data is widely being accessed through a Web browser. Today, queries are being generated through Web-accessible forms and answers are being formatted using a mark-up language such as HTML. In addition, many vendors and distributors are adding features to their DBMS aimed at making it better equipped for Internet usage. In summary, relational and object-oriented database systems each have certain strengths as well as certain weaknesses. In general, the weakness of one type of system tends to be strength of the other. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦. Object Relational Database Management  System  (ORDBMS) is a DBMS or Database Management System akin to a relational database, but with an object oriented database model that allows  custom web development  professionals to combine the database with custom data types. It bridges the gap between relational databases and Object-Oriented Database Management System (OODBMS).   Traditional RDBMS (Relational Database Management System) focused on the efficient management from a limited set of data-types. Object relational DBMS allows  web sites development  experts to combine their own data types and methods.   The limitations of RDBMS have led to the introduction of object-relational database management systems ORDBMS systems occurred in the early 1990s out of research. One of the most notable research projects, the Postgres introduced two products Illustra and Postgre SQL. The mid-1990s saw many commercial products appearing. These included Omniscience, UniSQL and Illustra 2.   Objectives of Object Relational Databases: To bridge the gap between object-relational mapping and conceptual data modeling techniques. To bridge the gap between object oriented modeling techniques (used in programming languages like C++, C# and  Java) and relational databases. Advantages of ORDBMS: Object Relational Database Management Systems ensures large storage capacity, which is an important part in web based  development The access speed is fairly quick. ORDBMSs have massive scalability. ORDBMSs boast excellent manipulation power of object databases. Supports object functionality by adding separate APIs and  server  subsystems Redesigns the database engine completely Supports rich data types by adding a new object-oriented layer. Apart from these benefits, an object relational database management system has some drawbacks. One of the major disadvantages is its incapability for high-speed internet applications. However, ORDBMSs are designed to manage large amounts of information, an important aspect in the  development of website. The IDC opines that the ORDBMS market has the potential to surpass the size of ODBMS in the next couple of years in web based development. Read more:  http://www.articlesbase.com/programming-articles/ordbms-or-objectrelational-database-management-system-objectives-and-advantages821908.html#ixzz1CUlv7OAH   Under Creative Commons License:  Attribution à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦. An object relational database is also called an object relational database management system (ORDBMS). This system simply puts an object oriented front end on a relational database (RDBMS). When applications interface to this type of database, it will normally interface as though the data is stored as objects. However the system will convert the object information into data tables with rows and colums and handle the data the same as a relational database. Likewise, when the data is retrieved, it must be reassembled from simple data into complex objects. Performance Constraints Because the ORDBMS converts data between an object oriented format and RDBMS format, speed performance of the database is degraded substantially. This is due to the additional conversion work the database must do. ORDBMS Benefits The main benefit to this type of database lies in the fact that the software to convert the object data between a RDBMS format and object database format is provided. Therefore it is not necessary for programmers to write code to convert between the two formats and database access is easy from an object oriented computer language. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ To define Object-Relational Database Management System (ORDBMS) it is enough to take simple equation: ORDBMS = ODBMS + RDBMS = (O + R) * DB * MS. On a logical level, an ORDBMS is the MS process methods applied for DB data structure, which is complied with O object and R relational concepts. The R relational concept in the context of DBMS is based on the relations in the form of two-dimensional tables of rows and columns. Transformation of queries into relational algebra is the main confirmation that affiliates a database with the relational model. It is prejudice to think that SQL2 language is a single and necessary criterion of RDBMS just as to think that Java is a single language of OO programming. Noteworthy feature of RDBMS is the possibility to process a large mass of the uniform n-element tuples (rows or records) quickly. All necessary for object representation is available in the object DBMS (ODBMS). Often the ODBMS is equated to the OODBMS, namely DBMS integrated with an Object-Oriented (OO) programming language like C++ and Java. The characteristic properties of ODBMS are 1)  complex data, 2)  type inheritance, and 3)  object behavior. These features will be considered below regarding the ORDBMS. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ Complex data creation in most SQL ORDBMSs is based on preliminary schema definition via the user-defined type (UDT). The table remains a most clear form for representation of complex data in any ORDBMS. students id name course first last st031 Jane Hunter Economy Planning st072 Richard White Computers in Engineering The name attribute (or field or column) consists of the first and last attributes. The value of the course attribute is a set of Economy and Planning elements. Such structure is able, for example, for the Informix SQL (http://www-3.ibm.com/software/data/informix/pubs/library/index.html). CREATE ROW TYPE Student (      id CHAR(5),      name ROW (first VARCHAR(12), last VARCHAR(20)),      course SET (VARCHAR(128) NOT NULL)   );   CREATE TABLE students OF TYPE Student;   INSERT INTO students   VALUES (      st031,      ROW(Jane, Hunter),      SET(Economy, Planning)   );   INSERT INTO students   VALUES (      st072,      ROW(Richard, White),      SET(Computers in Engineering) ); Other SQL ORDBMS suggests other composite type constructors, for example VARRAY or ARRAY instead of the SET, and OBJECT instead of the ROW. Constructors of the simple built-in types, with limitations like CHAR(5), came from SQL2. Is it necessary to define schema before filling a database? Historically, the answer was canonical yes for two reasons. Firstly, the definition of database schema essentially helped to control the type of input data. Secondly, the data type limitation made possible the early DBMSs to organize data with maximal memory and processor efficiency. Nevertheless, development of database schema is a most laborious process. There are a lot of situations related with complex data when precise schema description is not necessary or unreasonably slows project development. Furthermore, both reasons for schema predefinition are no longer valid. Control of input data should be executed by supporting an input form, (e.g., via JavaScript on the Web client side). With the hardware advances in modern database systems, the influence of data type limitation on performance is practically insignificant. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ An object-oriented database management system (OODBMS), sometimes shortened to  ODBMS  for  object database management system), is a database management system (DBMS) that supports the modelling and creation of data as  objects. This includes some kind of support for  classes of objects and the  inheritance  of class properties and  methods by subclasses and their objects. There is currently no widely agreed-upon standard for what constitutes an OODBMS, and OODBMS products are considered to be still in their infancy. In the meantime, the object-relational database management system (ORDBMS), the idea that object-oriented database concepts can be superimposed on relational databases, is more commonly encountered in available products. An object-oriented database interface standard is being developed by an industry group, the Object Data Management Group (ODMG). The Object Management Group (OMG) has already standardized an object-oriented data brokering interface betwee n systems in a network. In their influential paper,  The Object-Oriented Database Manifesto, Malcolm Atkinson and others define an OODBMS as follows: An object-oriented database system must satisfy two criteria: it should be a DBMS, and it should be an object-oriented system, i.e., to the extent possible, it should be consistent with the current crop of object-oriented programming languages. The first criterion translates into five features: persistence, secondary storage management, concurrency, recovery and an ad hoc query facility. The second one translates into eight features: complex objects, object identity, encapsulation, types or classes, inheritance, overriding combined with late binding, extensibility and computational completeness. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦.. http://www.versant.com/en_US/products/oodbms.html/ OODBMS (OBJECT DATABASE) ADVANTAGES Using an  OODBMS  /  ODBMS  (object database management system, object-oriented data management system) for data storage brings powerful advantages to applications that use complex object models, have high concurrency requirements, and large data sets. It is difficult, time consuming, expensive in development, and expensive at run time, to map the objects into a relational database and performance can suffer. Versantsobject database  solutions (ODBMS) are designed to handle the navigational access, seamless data distribution, and scalability often required by these applications: Versant Object Database  OODBMS  (Java,  C++) FastObjects .NET  OODBMS  (.NET) Why Versants  OODBMS  solutions instead of traditional RDBMS? Where data handling requirements are simple and suitable to rigid row and column structures an RDBMS might be an appropriate solutiuon. However,for many applications, todays most challenging aspect is controlling the inherent complexity of the subject matter itself the complexity must be tamed. And tamed in a way that enables continual evolution of the application as the environment and needs change. For these applications, an  OODBMS  is the best answer: COMPLEX (INTER-) RELATIONSHIPS If there are a lot of many-to-many relationships, tree structures or network (graph) structures then Versants  OODBMS  solutions will handle those relationships much faster than a relational database. COMPLEX DATA For many applications, the most challenging aspect is controlling the inherent complexity of the subject matter itself the complexity must be tamed. For these applications, a Versant  OODBMS  is the best answer. Architectures that mix technical needs such as persistence (and SQL) with the domain model are an invitation to disaster. Versants  OODBMS  solutions let you develop using objects that need only contain the domain behaviour, freeing you from persistence concerns. NO MAPPING LAYER It is difficult, time consuming, expensive in development, and expensive at run time, to map the objects into a relational database and performance can suffer. VersantsOODBMS  solutions store objects as objects yes, its as easy as 1, 2, 3. Versants object database solutions are designed to store many-to-many, tree and network relationships as named bi-directional associations without having the need for JOIN tables. Hence, Versants object database solutions save programming time, and objects can be stored and retrieved faster. Modern O/R mapping tools may simplify many mapping problems, however they dont provide seamless data distribution or the performance of Versants  OODBMS  solutions. FAST AND EASY DEVELOPEMENT, ABILITY TO COPE WITH CONTINOUS EVOLUTION The complexity of telecommunications infrastructure, transportation networks, simulations, financial instruments and other domains must be tamed. And tamed in a way that enables continual evolution of the application as the environment and needs change. Architectures that mix technical needs such as persistence (and SQL) with the domain model are an invitation to disaster. Versants  OODBMSsolutions let you develop using objects that need only contain the domain behaviour, freeing you from persistence concerns.